NFPA 1911 Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Emergency Vehicles

IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Standards. ” They can also be viewed at urww.njpa.org/disclaimers or obtained on request from NFPA.

UPDATES, ALERTS, AND FUTURE EDITIONS: New editions of NFPA codes, standards, recommended practices, and guides (i.e., NFPA Standards) are released on scheduled revision cycles. This edition may be superseded by a later one, or it may be amended outside of its scheduled revision cycle through the issuance of Tenta­tive Interim Amendments (TIAs). An official NFPA Standard at any point in time consists of the current edition of the document, together with all TIAs and Errata in effect. To verify that this document is the current edition or to determine if it has been amended by TIAs or Errata, please consult the National Fire Codes® Subscription Service or the “List of NFPA Codes & Standards” at www.nfpa.org/docinfo. In addition to TIAs and Errata, the document information pages also include the option to sign up for alerts for individual documents and to be involved in the development of the next edition.

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

A reference in brackets [ 1 following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, the complete title and edition of the source documents for extracts in mandatory sections of the document are given in Chapter 2 and those for extracts in informational sections are given in Annex E. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph references and other references as appropriate. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee respon­sible for the source document.

Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex E.

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1 Scope.

• This standard defines the minimum requirements for establishing an inspection, maintenance, and testing program for in-service emergency vehicles.
• This standard includes guidelines for emergency vehicle refurbishment and retirement.
• This standard identifies the systems and items on an emergency vehicle that are to be inspected and maintained, the frequency of such inspections and maintenance, and the requirements and procedures for conducting performance tests on components.

1.1.4 This standard provides sample forms for collecting inspection and test data.

•  
• The primary purpose of this standard is to provide requirements for an inspection, maintenance, and testing program that will ensure that in-service emergency vehicle are serviced and maintained to keep them in safe operating condi­tion and ready for response at all times.
• The secondary purpose of this standard is to establish that safety is a primary concern for the continued in-service use of an emergency vehicle and the ultimate decision to refurbish or retire that emergency vehicle.
• It is not the intent of this standard to restrict any juris­diction from exceeding the minimum requirements described in this document.
•  
• This standard shall apply to public, governmental, mili­tary, and private organizations providing rescue, fire suppres­sion, emergency medical services, hazardous materials mitigation, special operations, or other emergency services.
• This standard shall apply to all in-service emergency vehicles, regardless of the year of manufacture.
• This standard shall apply to permanently installed components on emergency vehicles.
• This standard shall not apply to portable equipment carried on emergency vehicles unless otherwise stated in specific requirements.
• The provisions of this standard shall not supersede any instructions, specifications, or practices defined or required by the emergency vehicle manufacturer, component manufac­turer, equipment manufacturer, or authority having jurisdic­tion.
• Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durabil­ity, and safety over those prescribed by this standard.
• Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency.
• The system, method, or device shall be approved for the intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.

1.5* Units and Formulas.

• In this standard, values for measurement in inch-pound units are followed by an equivalent in metric units.
• Either set of values shall be permitted to be used, but the same set of values (either inch-pound units or metric units) shall be used consistently.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.

• NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Profes­sional Qualifications, 2017 edition.

NFPA 1071, Standard for Emergency Vehicle Technician Professio­nal Qualifications, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1906, Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1961, Standard an Fire Hose, 2013 edition. NFPA 1962, Standard for the Care, Use, Inspection, Service Test­ing, and Replacement of Fire Hose, Couplings, Nozzles, and Fire Hose Appliances, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1989, Standard on Breathing Air Quality for Emergency Services Respiratory Protection, 2013 edition.

• Other Publications.
• ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.

ASME B30.5, Mobile and Locomotive Cranes, 2014.

ASME B40.100, Pressure Gauges and Gauge Attachments, 2013.

• ASNT Publications. American Society for Nondestruc­tive Testing, Inc., P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Colum­bus, OH 43228-0518.

ASNT CP-189, Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel, 2011.

• ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Ban- Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ASTM B647, Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Webster Hardness Gage, 2010.

ASTM B648, Standard Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Aluminum Alloys by Means of a Barcol Impressor, 2010.

ASTM E6, Standard Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechani­cal Testing, 2011 el.

ASTM E10, Standard Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials, 2012.

ASTM El8, Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials, 2014.

ASTM E92, Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Ha rdness of Metallic Materials, 2016.

ASTM El 14, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight- Beam Examination by the Contact Method, 2010.

ASTM E165/E165M, Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination, 2012.

ASTM E569/E569M, Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation, 2013.

ASTM E650/E650M, Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors, 2012.

ASTM E709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination, 2014.

ASTM E797/E797M, Standard Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method, 2010.

ASTM E1004, Standard Practice for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Method, 2009.

ASTM El 220, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Exami­nation Using the Solvent-Removable Process, 2010.

ASTM ELS 16, Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Testing,

ASTM E1418, Standard Test Method for Visible Penetrant Exami­nation Using the Water-Washable Process, 2010.

• AWS Publications. American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 Street, #130, Miami, FL 33166-6672.

AWS Bl.lO/Bl.lOM, Guide for the Nondestructive Examination of Welds, 2009.

AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code — Steel, 2011.

AWS D1.2/D1.2M, Structural Welding Code — Aluminum,

• ISO Publications. International Organization for Stand­ardization, ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blan- donnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland.

ISO/IEC 17020, Conformity assessment — Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies perfonning inspection, 2012.

• S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.

Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 399.211, Appen­dix G, “Minimum Periodic Inspection Standards.”

• Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2017 edition. NFPA 99, Health Care Facilities Code, 2015 edition. NFPA 414, Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Vehicles, 2017 edition.

NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire and Emergency Service Vehicle Operations Training Program, 2013 edition.

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

Chapter 3 Definitions

• The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily acceptecl meaning.
• NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic­tion.

3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

• Indicates a mandatory requirement.
• Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
• An NFPA Standard, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

• Acoustic Emission Inspection. A method of nondestruc­tive testing (NDT) that utilizes acoustic or soundwaves.
• To maintain or regulate, within prescribed limits, by setting the operating characteristics to specified parameters.
• Aerial Device. An aerial ladder, elevating platform, or water tower that is designed to position personnel, handle materials, provide continuous egress, or discharge water. [1901, 2016]
• Aerial Ladder. A self-supporting, turntable-mounted, power-operated ladder of two or more sections permanently attached to a self-propelled automotive fire apparatus and designed to provide a continuous egress route from an elevated position to the ground. [1901, 20161
• Aerial Ladder Sections. The structural members of the aerial ladder consisting of the base and fly sections.
• To adjust components to bring about opti­mum or desired performance.
• Ambient Temperature. The temperature of the surrounding medium; usually used to refer to the temperature of the air in which a structure is situated or a device operates. [414,20171
• American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). A

professional organization that is devoted to promoting knowl­edge of nondestructive testing.

• American Welding Society (AWS). An association that provides codes, guidelines, and standards utilized to evaluate welded structures and components in welded structures.
• Ancillary Boom Ladder. A ladder or ladders affixed to a telescoping or articulating boom section.
• Articulating Boom. An aerial device consisting of two or more folding boom sections whose extension and retraction modes are accomplished by adjusting the angle of the knuckle joints. [1901, 2016]
• Automatic Electrical Load Management System. A

device that continuously monitors the electrical system voltage and automatically sheds predetermined loads in a selected order to prevent overdischarging of the emergency vehicle’s batteries.

• Auxiliary Hydraulic Power. A small gasoline engine, diesel engine, or electric motor-driven hydraulic pump used to operate an aerial device in an emergency or in lieu of the main hydraulic system. [1901, 2016]

3.3.14* Auxiliary Pump. A water pump mounted on the fire apparatus that is used for fire-fighting operations that is neither a fire pump, an industrial supply pump, nor a transfer pump.

• Base Rail. The lower chord (rail) of an aerial ladder to which rungs and reinforcements are attached. [1901, 2016]
• Base Section. The first or bottom section of an aerial device. [1901, 2016]
• An assembled section of an aerial device. The boom construction can be of the stressed-skin box beam type, the trussed lattice type, or the open “U” truss-type design. [1901,20161
• Boom Boost Cylinders. The hydraulic cylinders located on the upper boom of an articulating boom aerial device that help lift the upper boom from the lower boom.
• Boom Support. A structural component that is attached to the chassis frame and that is used to support the aerial device when it is in the cradled position.
• The distance that the end of an aerial ladder or boom deviates from a straight line extension of the base section.
• A wire rope used to transmit forces from one component to another for the purpose of extending or retract­ing an aerial device.
• Cable Separation Guide. The mechanism that aligns and separates the cable when it is wound on the drum of an aerial ladder’s extension winch.
• To correlate the reading of an instrument or system of measurement with a standard.
• The basic operating motor vehicle including the engine, frame, and other essential structural and mechani­cal parts, but exclusive of the body and all appurtenances for the accommodation of driver, property, passengers, appliances, or equipment related to other than control. Common usage might, but need not, include a cab (or cowl). [1901, 20161
• Collector Rings. An assembly of slip rings for transfer­ring electrical energy from a stationary to a rotating member. [70:675.21
• Combination Vehicle. A vehicle consisting of a towing vehicle and one or more towed units.
• A constituent part of a mechanical or electrical device.

3.3.28* Compound Gauge. A gauge that indicates pressure both above and below atmospheric pressure.

• Cylinder Links. The mechanisms that can be used in connecting an articulating boom to the end of the upper elevating cylinders or to the lower and upper booms.
• Deficiency(ies). A discontinuity in a part or a failure to function that interferes with the service or reliability for which the part was intended.
• The deviation from a straight course or fixed direction.
• Abnormal wear, defects, cracks or frac­tures, warpage, and deviations from the original condition that would affect safe and correct operation.
• Diagnostic Check. An in-depth operational analysis of a system or component to verify that it is operating correcdy.
• Discharge Pressure. The water pressure on the discharge manifold of the fire pump at the point of gauge attachment.
• A change in the normal, physical struc­ture of a material that can affect its serviceability.
• Diverter Valve. A valve that, when actuated, diverts hydraulic fluid from one function to another or from one hydraulic system to another; in aerial devices, it is the valve that diverts hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic system for the stabil­izers to the hydraulic system for the aerial device when the aerial device is in use and from the hydraulic system for the aerial device to the hydraulic system for the stabilizers when they are being deployed or stowed.
• Any written or electronic data or information relative to the emergency vehicle, including infor­mation on its operational checks, diagnostic checks, inspection, maintenance, and performance testing.
• The use of suction to move a liquid (such as water) from a vessel or source that is below the intake of a pump.
• A time-dependent movement away from an established position.
• The parts of an emergency vehicle that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, split shaft power takeoff, midship pump transmis­sion, drive shaft(s), clutch, differential(s), and axles.

3.3.41* Electronic Battery Conductance Tester. A type of battery tester that uses proprietary electronic circuitry to deter­mine the condition, or state of health (SOH), of a vehicle battery and does not apply a resistive load during the test.

• Elevating Platform. A self-supporting, turntable- mounted device consisting of a personnel-carrying platform attached to the uppermost boom of a series of power-operated booms that articulate, telescope, or both and that are some­times arranged to provide the continuous egress capabilities of an aerial ladder. [1901, 2016]
• Elevation Cylinder. The hydraulic components consist­ing of a cylinder barrel, cylinder rod, and related hardware that are used to vary the angle of the ladder or booms.
• Elevation Indicator. An instrument on an aerial device that shows the angle of elevation of the aerial ladder or boom.
• Elevation Lock. A manual- or positive-locking device (i.e., holding valve) that can be actuated to maintain indefi­nitely a desired angle or elevation without dependence upon engine power.
• Emergency Hand-Crank Control. An auxiliary or supplemental control with which the operator can manually operate select functions of the aerial device.

3.3.47* Emergency Vehicle. A motor vehicle with a GVWR of 5001 lb (2268 kg) or more used by public, governmental, mili­tary, and private organizations to provide rescue, fire suppres­sion, emergency medical services, hazardous materials mitigation, special operations, or other emergency services.

• Extension Cylinder. The hydraulic components consist­ing of a cylinder barrel, cylinder rod, and related hardware that are used to vary the length of extension of a telescoping aerial device.
• Extension Indicator. A device on an aerial ladder or extensible boom aerial device that indicates the number of feet (meters) that the device has been extended.
• Extension Sheave. A pulley through which an exten­sion cable operates.
• A cessation of proper functioning or perform­ance.
• A mechanical device, such as a rivet, bolt, screw, or pin, that is used to hold two or more components together securely.
• Ferromagnetic Materials. Materials, such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, that have an abnormally high magnetic permeability.
• Fire Apparatus. A vehicle designed to be used under emergency conditions to transport personnel and equipment, and to support the suppression of fires and mitigation of other hazardous situations. [1901, 20161
• Fire Pump. A water pump with a rated capacity of 250 gpm (1000 L/min) or greater at 150 psi (1000 kPa) net pump pressure that is mounted on a fire apparatus and used for fire fighting. [1901, 2016]
• Fly Locks. See3.72, Ladder Locks.
• Fly Section. Any section of an aerial telescoping device beyond the base section. [1901, 20161
• A type of defect found in welds that has a large length-to-width ratio and travels through or adjacent to the metal grain boundaries; usually, this type of defect is re­ferred to as a crack.
• The basic structural system that transfers the weight of the emergency vehicle to the suspension system.
• A visual device that indicates a measurement.
• Gauge Pressure. Pressure measured by an instrument where the pressure indicated is relative to atmospheric pres­sure.
• Hinge Pins. Pins that are used at either the swivel or point of articulation of an aerial device.
• Holding Valve. A valve that maintains hydraulic pres­sure in a hydraulic actuator (cylinder, motor, etc.) until it is activated to release.
• In-Service Emergency Vehicles. Any emergency vehi­cles, including reserve vehicles, that are available for use under emergency conditions to transport personnel and equipment and to support suppression of fires and mitigation of other hazardous conditions.
• Inspect(ion). To determine the condition or operation of a component(s) by comparing its physical, mechanical, and/or electrical characteristics with established standards, recommendations, and requirements through examination by sight, sound, or feel.

3.3.66* Instability. A condition of a mobile unit in which the sum of the moments tending to overturn the unit exceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning. [1901, 2016]

• Intake Pressure. The pressure on the intake passage­way of the pump at the point of gauge attachment.
• A device or arrangement by means of which the functioning of one part is controlled by the functioning of another.
• Damage in the form of wear or indentations caused to the bottom of the aerial device base rail material by misalignment or malfunction of the rollers or slides.
• A point of connection between upper and lower booms of an articulating device; the point at which lower and upper booms are hinged together. [1901, 2016]
• Ladder Cradle. A structural component that supports an aerial ladder when it is bedded.
• Ladder Locks. The mechanical locks or pawls that prevent movement of the sections of an aerial device when the power is shut off or in the event of loss of pressure in hydraulic circuits.
• The escape of a gas or liquid from a hose, pipe, coupling, connection, or other confining structure at any point where the escape should not occur.
• The escape of a fluid from its intended containment, generally at a connection.
• Class 1 Liquid Leakage. Seepage of liquid, as indi­cated by wetness or discoloration, not great enough to form drops.
• Class 2 Liquid Leakage. Leakage of liquid great enough to form drops, but not enough to cause drops to fall from the item being inspected.
• Class 3 Liquid Leakage. Leakage of liquid great enough to cause drops to fall from the item being inspec­ted.
• Leveling Linkages. The components and controls for achieving a level position of the platform.
• The vertical height that water must be raised during a drafting operation, measured from the surface of a static source of water to the centerline of the pump intake.
• Liquid Penetrant Inspection. A nondestructive inspec­tion method used to locate and determine the severity of surface discontinuities in materials, based on the ability of a liquid to penetrate into small openings, such as cracks.
• Load Limit Indicator. A load indicator or an instruc­tion plate, visible at the operator’s position, that shows the recommended safe load at any condition of an aerial device’s elevation and extension. [1901, 2016]
• Magnetic Particle Inspection. A nondestructive inspec­tion method used to locate discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials by magnetizing the material and then applying an iron powder to mark and interpret the patterns that form.
• The act of servicing an emergency vehi­cle or a component(s) in order to keep the vehicle and its components in the required operating condition.
• Manufacturer’s Recommendation (Specification). Any

requirement or suggestion an emergency vehicle builder or component producer makes in regard to care and mainte­nance of its product(s).

• An alteration or adjustment to any component that is a deviation from the original specifications or design of the emergency vehicle.
• Negative Pressure. Pressure less than atmospheric. [99, 2015]

3.3.84* Net Pump Pressure. The sum of the discharge pres­sure and the suction lift converted to psi or kPa when pumping at draft, or the difference between the discharge pressure and the intake pressure when pumping from a hydrant or other source of water under positive pressure. [1901, 2016]

• Neutral Position. The position of operating controls when the controls are not engaged.
• Nondestructive Testing (NDT). One of several meth­ods used to inspect a structural component without physically altering or damaging the materials.
• Operational Check. Observation of the operation of a component on an emergency vehicle to determine its opera­tional readiness.
• A person qualified to operate an emergency vehicle.
• Operator Alert Device. Any device, whether visual, audible, or both, installed in the driving compartment or at an operator’s panel, to alert the operator to either a pending fail­ure, an occurring failure, or a situation that requires his or her immediate attention.

3.3.90* Optical Source. Any single, independently mounted, light-emitting component in a lighting system. [1901, 2016]

• Out of Service. When an emergency vehicle or compo­nent is not usable due to an unsafe or inoperable condition.
• Overhaul (Rebuild). To make extensive repairs in order to restore a component to like-new condition in accord­ance with the original manufacturer’s specifications.
• A system or device used to neutralize a given action or motion. [1901, 20161
• Performance Tests. Tests made after an emergency vehicle has been put into service to determine whether its performance meets predetermined specifications or standards.
• An assembly consisting of the support struc­ture, floor, railings, and operator’s secondary controls that is attached to the tip of a boom or an aerial ladder for carrying personnel and equipment.
• Pneumatic Lines. The lines that supply air, which is normally for a breathing air system or for pneumatic power tools, to a platform or to the tip of an aerial ladder.
• Power Source. A device that produces line voltage elec­tricity.
• Powered Equipment Rack. A power-operated device that is intended to provide storage of hard suction hoses, ground ladders, or other equipment, generally in a location above emergency vehicle compartments.
• Preventive Maintenance. The act or work of keeping something in proper condition by performing necessary preventive actions in a routine manner to prevent failure or breakdown.
• Proper(ly). In accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications or as recommended by the manufacturer.
• Power takeoff. [1901, 2016]
• Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, has demon­strated the ability to deal with problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project. [1451, 20131
• Rated Capacity (Aerial Device). The total amount of weight of all personnel and equipment that can be supported at the outermost rung of an aerial ladder or on the platform of an elevating platform with the aerial device placed in the hori­zontal position at its maximum horizontal extension when the stabilizers are fully deployed. [1901, 20161
• Rated Capacity (Water Pump). The flow rate to which the pump manufacturer certifies compliance of the pump when it is new. [1901,2016]

3.3.105* Rated Vertical Height. The vertical distance meas­ured by a plumb line from the maximum elevation of the aerial device allowed by the manufacturer to the ground.

• Relief Valve. A device that allows the bypass of fluids to limit the pressure in a system.
• To restore to sound condition after failure or damage.
• To remove an unserviceable item and install a serviceable counterpart in its place.
• Reserve Emergency Vehicle. An emergency vehicle retained as a backup emergency vehicle and used to replace a primary emergency vehicle when the primary emergency vehi­cle is out of service.
• Retired Emergency Vehicle. A vehicle that was previ­ously an emergency vehicle but, due to age or condition, is no longer capable of supporting the suppression of fires, the miti­gation of hazardous situations, or operations at emergency scenes.
• Rotation Gear. The main gear of an aerial device that is used for the rotation of the turntable.
• Rotation Gear Reduction Box. The mechanism of an aerial device that transfers hydraulic or electric power to the rotation gear, creating the torque necessary to rotate the turn­table.
• Rotation Lock. A strong friction or other positive- locking device (e.g., holding valve) that retains the turntable in any desired position.
• Rung Cap Casting. A casting that can be riveted to the outside of the base rail over the ends of each rung on an aerial ladder.
• Safety Stop Mechanism. A device that is located on the aerial device and prevents raising the elevating platform booms or sections beyond safe operating horizontal or vertical angles.
• Service Tests. See3.94, Performance Tests.
• Severe Service. Those conditions that apply to the rigorous, harsh, and unique applications of emergency vehi­cles, including, but not limited to, local operating and driving conditions, frequency of use, and manufacturer’s severe service (duty) parameters.
• Slide Blocks. Blocks made of a variety of materials (e.g., brass, nylatron) that act as spacing devices, wear strips, or wear pads.
• A device integral with or separately attached to the chassis of a fire apparatus with an aerial device that is used to increase the moments tending to resist overturn­ing the apparatus.
• Stabilizer Pad. A plate inserted beneath a stabilizer shoe to give greater surface bearing area. [1901, 2016]
• Stabilizer Shoe. A permanently mounted shoe on a stabilizer to provide a ground surface area. [1901, 2016]
• Steering Axle(s). Any axle(s) designed such that the wheels have the ability to turn the vehicle.
• Stressed-Skin-Type Boom Section. A boom f ramework that is fabricated by the welding of metal into full box sections with internal torsional members.
• Extended or retracted by sliding of the overlapping sections.
• To verify serviceability by measuring the mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, or electrical characteristics of an item and comparing those characteristics with prescribed standards.
• Top Rail. The top chord (rail) of an aerial ladder to which reinforcements are attached. [1901, 2016]
• Torque Box. A structural component placed between the turntable and the chassis or part of the chassis frame of an aerial device to absorb the stresses of operation.
• Torque Value. A measure of tightness or the amount of stress that is put on a fastening device (i.e., bolt) to secure it properly.
• Total Continuous Electrical Load. The total current required to operate all of the devices permanendy connected to the emergency vehicle that can be simultaneously energized excluding intermittent-type loads such as primers and booster reel rewind motors.
• Transfer Pump. A water pump mounted on the emer­gency vehicle that is used to transfer water to and from the emergency vehicle.
• Trussed-Latdee-Type Boom Section. An open truss boom framework with vertical and diagonal braces that are fastened to horizontal beams of the frame.
• The degree of rotational movement from a given position.
• Ultrasonic Inspection. A nondestructive method of inspection in which high-frequency vibrations are injected through the surface of the test material and bounced back to their source from the opposite surface; if a flaw exists, signals return in a different pattern, revealing the location and extent of the flaw.

3.3.134* Vacuum. The reduction in atmospheric pressure inside a pump or suction hose.

• Visual Check. Examination by the eye without recourse to any optical devices except eyeglasses.
• Water Tower. An aerial device consisting of perma- nendy mounted power-operated booms and a waterway designed to supply a large-capacity mobile elevated water stream. The booms can be of articulating design or telescoping design. [1901, 20161
• A structure that is formed by the welding- together of several components.

Chapter 4 General Requirements

4.1* General. All fire emergency vehicles that could be placed in service for emergency response shall be inspected, maintained, tested, and retired as required by this standard.

• Chassis, Driving and Crew Compartment, and Body.
• The chassis, driving and crew compartment, and body shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chapter 8.
• The chassis components shall be performance tested as required by Chapter 19.
• Electrical Systems.
• The low-voltage electrical systems on the emergency vehicle shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chap­ter 9 and performance tested as required by Chapter 20.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a line volt­age electrical system, that system shall be inspected and main­tained as required by Chapter 14 and performance tested as required by Chapter 25.
• Water Pumping System or Water Tank.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a water pumping system or a water tank, the water pumping system (s) or the water tank(s) shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chapter 10.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a fire pump or an industrial supply pump, the fire pump system or indus­trial supply pump system shall be performance tested as required by Chapter 21.
• Aerial Device. If the emergency vehicle is equipped with an aerial device, the aerial device shall be inspected and main­tained as required by Chapter 11 and performance tested as required by Chapter 22.
• Foam Proportioning System. If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a foam proportioning system, the system shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chapter 12 and performance tested as required by Chapter 23.
• Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS). If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a compressed air-foam system, the system shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chap­ter 13 and performance tested as required by Chapter 24.
• Compressed Air Systems.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a compressed air system, the system shall be inspected and main­tained as required by Chapter 15.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a breathing air system, the system shall be performance tested as required by Chapter 26.
• If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a winch, the winch shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chapter 18.
• Other Components or Auxiliary Systems. If there are other fixed components or auxiliary systems on the emergency vehicle, those components or auxiliary systems shall be inspec­ted, maintained, and tested in accordance with the component manufacturer’s recommendations and this standard to the extent that the requirements are applicable.
• Trailers shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chapter 16.
• Patient Compartment. If the emergency vehicle is equipped with a patient compartment, the patient compart­ment shall be inspected and maintained as required by Chap­ter 17.
• Taking Emergency Vehicles Out of Service. It shall be the responsibility of the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) to enforce the criteria for when the emergency vehicle is to be taken out of service in accordance with the requirements in Chapter 6.
• Qualifications of Personnel.

4.3.1 Inspections, maintenance, and testing of emergency vehicles shall be performed by qualified personnel as required by 4.3.1.1 or 4.3.1.2.

4.3.1.1* Any person performing diagnostic checks, inspec­tions, performance testing, or maintenance of the emergency vehicle shall meet the qualifications of NFPA 1071 or the equiv­alent.

4.3.1.2 Pump tests and annual aerial tests shall be performed by personnel who are qualified in accordance with NFPA 1071 or the equivalent or by an organization that is accredited for inspection and testing systems on fire apparatus in accordance with ISO/IEC 17020, Conformity assessment — Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies per forming inspections.

4.3.2* The AHJ shall determine who is qualified to perform the daily/weekly visual checks and the operational checks of the emergency vehicle as required by NFPA 1002.

4.4.1* Anyone performing operational checks, diagnostic checks, inspections, or maintenance on emergency vehicles shall consult the correct operator’s, service, and maintenance manuals before starting any work on the emergency vehicle.

4.4.2 All safety warnings and recommendations shall be read and followed.

4.4.3* All federal, state or provincial, and local laws and regu­lations governing workplace safety shall be followed when performing maintenance on emergency vehicles.

• All federal, state or provincial, and local laws shall be followed in the use and disposal of chemicals and hazardous materials.
• Remediation equipment and methods shall be used prior to and during preventive maintenance when dealing with possible contamination by, and exposure to, hazardous materi­als, medical and biological waste, and other hazards.
• Personal protection, including eye protection, hearing protection, and suitable respirators for breathing protection, shall be used when the maintenance operations require such protection.
• A system or method shall be utilized to remove exhaust emissions from an operating engine in a confined area.
• Required methods shall be utilized to lift, support, secure, and stabilize the emergency vehicle undergoing mainte­nance.
• Proper tools and equipment shall be selected for the task to be performed.
• Inspections and Maintenance.

4.5.1 The emergency vehicle shall meet all federal, state or provincial, and local laws for motor vehicle inspection.

4.5.2* All inspections and maintenance shall be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommended proce­dures.

4.5.3* It shall be the responsibility of the AHJ to develop and implement a schedule for the operational checking, inspec­tion, diagnostic checking, and maintenance of the emergency vehicle and its systems and components in accordance with this document, the manufacturer’s recommendations, local experi­ence, and operating conditions.

4.5.4 The visual and operational checks shall be done within 24 hours of a run or weekly if no runs are done during the week.

4.5.4.1 Defined systems of the emergency vehicle shall be checked, including the fire pump, aerial device, warning lights, audible warning devices, patient compartment, cab and pump panel instrumentation, seat belts, tires, engine, transmission, drivetrain, and brake system.

4.5.4.2 A check sheet shall be utilized to record the results of the visual and operational checks. (See Annex C.)

4.5.5* A complete inspection and diagnostic check of the emergency vehicles in accordance with Chapters 9 through 18 shall be conducted at least as frequently as recommended by the emergency vehicle manufacturer or once per year, which­ever comes first.

4.5.5.1 A complete inspection and diagnostic check of the emergency vehicles in accordance with Chapter 8 shall be conducted at least as frequently as recommended by the emer­gency vehicle manufacturer or twee a year, whichever comes first.

• Component inspections shall be performed at least as frequently as recommended by the manufacturer and when the emergency vehicle or any component is suspected or reported to have defects or deficiencies.
• All deficiencies found during an inspection shall be repaired or corrected by a qualified person.

4.6 Maintenance and Repairs.

• Maintenance and repairs shall be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Parts or components used to maintain or repair the emergency vehicle shall meet or exceed the original manufac­turer’s specifications.

4.7* Documentation.

• Records shall be maintained on the results of all appara­tus inspections, maintenance requests, preventive mainte­nance, repairs, and testing.
• Separate files shall be established and maintained for each individual emergency vehicle.
• All records shall be kept for the life of the vehicle and delivered with the vehicle upon transfer or change of owner­ship.

Chapter 5 Retirement of Emergency Vehicles 5.1* General.

• The fire department shall consider safety as the primary concern in the retirement of emergency vehicles.
• Retired emergency vehicles shall not be used for emer­gency operations.

Chapter 6 Out-of-Service Criteria

6.1 General.

6.1.1 It shall be the responsibility of the AHJ to take the emer­gency vehicle or the defective portion of the emergency vehicle out of service if any of the deficiencies defined in this chapter are encountered.

• Where a technician conducts an evaluation of the emer­gency vehicle to determine if the emergency vehicle or a component should he taken out of service, the technician shall report the findings to the AHJ in writing with one of the follow­ing recommendations:
  • The emergency vehicle shall be taken out of service.
  • The emergency vehicle shall be retained in service with specified limitations.
  • The emergency vehicle shall be retained in service with­out limitations.
• In addition to the defects defined in this chapter, the AHJ shall include out-of-service criteria based on state, provin­cial, and local regulations; specific manufacturer’s recommen­dations; and requirements established by the fire department.
• The emergency vehicle shall be returned to service only after the defects and deficiencies that caused the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service have been corrected and the defective component retested to satisfy the component manu­facturer’s specification and the requirements of this document.
• The AHJ shall establish a means to immediately identify that the emergency vehicle is out of service for any operator who might have reason to use the emergency vehicle.
• Out-of-service emergency vehicles shall be identified by one of the following means:
  • Sign on the outside of the driver’s door near the door handle
  • Special bag that covers the steering wheel
  • Large sign on the driver’s window
  • Highly visible mechanism at the driver’s position on the emergency vehicle that all members of the department recognize as an out-of-service indicator
• A technician working on an emergency vehicle shall identify that an emergency vehicle is out of service or indicate that the apparatus is being serviced using one of the means specified in 6.1.5.1.

6.1.6* If a component or system on the fire apparatus is out of service, but the apparatus is still in service, a means shall be provided on the fire apparatus to immediately identify for the driver/operator which component or system is out of service.

• Out-of-service components shall be identified using both of the following:
  • Distinctive color sign located on the inside of the driver’s door identifying which component is out of service
  • Highly visible device provided at the component control (s) indicating that the device is out of service
• Any out-of-service component shall be noted on the daily/weekly check sheet.
• If the fire pump or the aerial device is out of service, the engagement device shall be disabled so as to prevent opera­tion of the pump or the aerial device.

6.2 Driving and Crew Areas, Emergency Vehicle Body, and Compartmentation.

6.2.1 The following deficiencies of the driving and crew areas, the emergency vehicle body, and the compartmentation shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:

• Cracked or broken windshield that obstructs the driver’s/ operator’s view
• Missing or broken rearview mirrors that obstruct the driv­er’s/operator’s view
• Missing or broken windshield wipers
• Missing or broken door latches
• Missing or broken foot throttle

6.2.2 If a seat belt is torn or has melted webbing, missing or broken buckles, or loose mountings, the following shall apply:

• If it is at a seat other than the driver’s seat, that seat shall be taken out of service.
• If it is at the driver’s seat, the entire emergency vehicle shall be taken out of service.

6.2.3* If there are deficiencies with the following system or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ:

• Body mounting
• Cab mounting
• Steering wheel
• Required cab instrumentation
• Defrosters

6.3 Chassis, Axles, Steering and Suspension Systems, Drive- line, Wheels, and Tires.

6.3.1 The following deficiencies of the chassis, axles, steering and suspension systems, driveline, wheels, and tires shall cause the vehicle to be taken out of service:

• The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) shown on the vehi­cle weight rating label is greater than the tire manufac­turer’s load rating.
• When weighed in accordance with Section 19.2, the weight on the front axle, the weight on the rear axle, or the total gross weight of the emergency vehicle exceeds the values shown on the vehicle weight rating label.
• Tires have cuts in the sidewall that penetrate to the cord.
• * Tires have a tread depth of less than %2 in. (3.2 mm) on any steering axle or %2 in. (1.6 mm) on any nonsteering axle at any two adjacent major tread grooves anywhere on the tire.
• Tire speed rating is less than the governed vehicle speed rating of the vehicle.
• Suspension components are loose, broken, or missing.
• Wheels or rims have the following deficiencies:
  • Bent, broken, cracked, improperly seated, sprung, or mismatched lock or side ring(s)
  • Cracked, broken, or elongated bolt holes
  • Loose, missing, broken, cracked, stripped, or damaged fasteners
  • Weld deficiencies, as follows:
    1. Cracks in welds attaching disc wheel disc to rim
    2. Cracks in welds attaching tubeless demounta­ble rim to adapter

• Welded repair on aluminum wheel(s) on a steering axle

1. Welded repair, other than disc to rim attach­ment, on steel disc wheel (s) mounted on the steering axle
   • Axle flanges have Class 3 leakage.
   • An axle has Class 3 leakage.
   • Steering components do not meet the requirements of 49 CFR Part 399.211, Appendix G, “Minimum Periodic Inspection Standards.”
   • A steering component has Class 3 leakage.
   • Driveline components do not meet the requirements of 49 CFR 399.211, Appendix G.

6.3.2 A qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation of the following tire deficiencies and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ:

• Punctures
• Cuts to the cord
• Bulges other than bumps or repairs; repair bulges greater than % in. (10 mm), or bulges or knots associated with tread
• Sidewall separation

• Engine Systems.

6.4.1* The following defects and deficiencies of the engine system shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:

• Engine that will not crank or start
• Engine system that has Class 3 leakage of oil
• Engine that is overheating
• Fuel system component that has Class 2 leakage of fuel
• Stop-engine light that fails to turn off after engine is star­ted

6.4.2 If there are deficiencies of the following systems or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ concerning the following:

• Air filter restriction
• Fuel tank, mountings, or straps
• Exhaust leak into crew compartment
• Oil that contains coolant
• Oil that is diluted with fuel

• Engine Cooling System.
• The following deficiencies of the engine cooling system shall cause the apparatus to be taken out of service:
  • Cooling system component that has Class 3 leakage
  • Coolant that contains oil
  • Cooling system that exceeds maximum operating temper­ature
• If there are deficiencies with the following systems or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ:
  • Radiator
  • Water pump bearing
  • Cooling fan
  • Coolant system components
• Transmission and Clutch.

6.6.1 The following defects and deficiencies of the transmis­sion and clutch shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:

• Automatic transmission that overheats in any range
• Automatic transmission that has a “do not shift” light on
• Transmission components that have Class 3 leakage of transmission oil
• Transmission oil contaminated with coolant

6.6.2 If there are deficiencies of the following systems or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ:

• Clutch components
• Transmission components
• Shift linkages
  • Low-Voltage and Line Voltage Electrical Systems.
    • The following defects and deficiencies of the low-voltage electrical system and the line voltage electrical system shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:
      • Legally required lighting (DOT lighting) or horn that is not operational
      • Ignition system that is not operational
      • Charging system that is not operational
      • * Any failure of the warning light system that creates any position around the vehicle from which no warning light is visible
    • If there are deficiencies in the grounding and bonding system, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation and make a written report, including recommenda­tions to the AHJ.
    • If any of the following conditions exist, a qualified tech­nician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ on the following:
      • * Inoperative siren
      • Overheating of power source and systems
      • Tripping of circuit breakers [ground fault circuit inter­rupter (GFCI), if applicable 1
      • Line voltage power source producing high or low voltage or frequency
      • Damaged receptacles or observed electrical shock hazard
      • Any failure of the line voltage system that could affect patient care
        • Braking Systems. 6.8.1 Air Brake Systems.

6.8.1.1* Any one of the following deficiencies of the air brake system shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:

• Service brakes that have an air pressure drop of more than 2 psi (13.8 kPa) in 1 minute for straight chassis or more than 3 psi (20.7 kPa) in 1 minute for combination chassis, with the engine stopped and the service brakes released
• Leak-down rate (time) of the applied side of the air brake that is more than 3 psi (20.7 kPa) in 1 minute for straight chassis or more than 4 psi (27.6 kPa) in 1 minute for combination chassis, with the engine stop­ped and the service brakes applied
• Brakes that are out of adjustment
• Braking system components that are not operational
• Service brake that does not meet test or DOT require­ments
• Parking (spring) brake operation that does not meet parking brake tests or standards
• Air compressor that fails to build air pressure from 85 psi to 100 psi (586 kPa to 690 kPa) in 45 seconds, with engine at full rpm
• Air compressor that fails to maintain 80 psi to 90 psi (552 kPa to 621 kPa) pressure in the system, with the service brakes applied and the engine at idle, or air compressor that fails to fill the air system to the air compressor governor cutout pressure with the service and parking brakes released
• Friction surfaces, brake shoes, or disc brake pads that have grease or oil on them
• Brake linings or pads that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications
• Rotors and drums that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications
• Air gauge or audio low-air warning device that has failed

6.8.1.2 If the antilock braking system (ABS) warning indicator indicates a problem, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ.

• Hydraulic Brake Systems.

6.8.2.1* Any one of the following deficiencies of the hydraulic brake system shall cause the emergency vehicle to be taken out of service:

• Brake system components that have Class 2 leakage of brake fluid
• Friction surfaces, brake shoes, or disc brake pads that have grease or oil on them
• Braking system components that are not operational
• Braking operation that does not meet braking tests or standards
• Parking (service) brake operation that does not meet parking brake tests or standards
• Brake warning light that is activated or brake pedal that falls away or drifts toward the floor when brake pressure is applied
• Brake linings or pads that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications
• Rotors and drums that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications

6.8.2.2 If the ABS warning indicator indicates a problem, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-ofservice evaluation and make a written report including recommendations to the AHJ.

• Air-Over-Hydraulic Brake Systems. The requirements of 6.8.1 and 6.8.2 shall apply to the applicable portion of an air- over-hydraulic brake system.
• Wheel Chocks. If the emergency vehicle is not equipped with two wheel chocks, mounted in readily accessible locations, the emergency vehicle shall be taken out of service.

6.9 Fire Pump System.

6.9.1 The following deficiencies of the fire pump system shall cause the pumping system to be taken out of service:

• Pump that will not engage
• Pump shift indicators in cab and on operator’s panel that do not function properly
• Pressure control system that is not operational
• Pump transmission components that have Class 3 leakage of fluid
• Pump operator’s panel throttle that is not operational
• * Pump operator’s engine speed advancement interlock that is not operational

• If there are deficiencies of the following systems or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ:
  • Pump transmission lubricant
  • Valves
  • Valve controls
  • Pump piping
  • Pressure-indicating devices
  • Water tank
  • Water level indicator
• If pump shaft seals leak beyond the manufacturer’s spec­ifications, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation of the problem and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ.
• If the pump test indicates a deficiency, a qualified tech­nician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ.

6.10 Aerial Device Systems.

• The following deficiencies of the aerial device and its systems shall cause the aerial device to be taken out of service:
  • Power takeoff (PTO) that will not engage
  • Stabilizer system that is not operational
  • Aerial device that is not operational
  • Hydraulic system components that are not operational
  • Cable sheaves that are not operational
  • Cables that are frayed
  • Base and section rails that show ironing beyond the manufacturer’s recommendations
  • Aerial device that is structurally deformed
  • Torque box fasteners that are broken or missing (10) Turntable fasteners that are broken or missing
• If there are deficiencies of the following systems or components, a qualified technician shall conduct an out-of- service evaluation and make a written report, including recom­mendations to the AHJ:
  • Hydraul ic rel ief valve
  • Hydraulic system components
  • Emergency hydraulic system
  • Visual and audible alarm systems
  • Aerial lighting system
  • Labels or warning signs
  • Aerial water delivery system
  • Class 3 hydraulic leak’
• A qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation of the following problems and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ:
  • Rollers and slides that are worn beyond manufacturer’s recommendations
  • Rotation bearing that has clearances beyond the manu­facturer’s recommendations
•  
• The following deficiencies of a trailer and its system shall cause the trailer to be taken out of service:
  • Cracked trailer frame
  • Damaged or inoperative hitch
  • Damaged or missing safety chain or chain latch
  • The gross axle weight rating (GAWR) shown on the trailer information label is greater than the tires manu­facturer’s load rating
  • When weighed in accordance with Section 16.2, the weight on the axles of the trailer exceeds the values shown on the trailer information label
  • Tires have cuts in the sidewall that penetrate to the cord
  • * Tires that have a tread depth of less than %2 in. (1.6 mm) or at any two adjacent major tread grooves anywhere on the tire
  • Suspension components that are loose, broken, or miss­ing
  • Wheels or rims having the following deficiencies:
    • Damaged or mismatched lock or side ring(s)
    • Cracked, broken, or elongated bolt holes
    • Loose, missing, broken, cracked, stripped, or damaged fasteners
    • Weld defects
  • Braking system components that are not operational
  • Friction surfaces, brake shoes, or disc brake pads that have grease or oil on them
  • Brake linings or pads that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications
  • Rotors and drums that are worn beyond the brake system manufacturer’s minimum specifications
  • Brake system components that have Class 2 leakage of brake fluid
  • Inoperative or damaged breakaway brake system
  • Inoperative stop, turn, or marker lighting
  • Damaged or missing trailer cord or plug
• A qualified technician shall conduct an out-of-service evaluation of the following tire deficiencies and make a written report, including recommendations to the AHJ, on:
  • Tire punctures
  • Tire cuts to the cord
  • Tire bulges other than bumps or repairs; repair bulges greater than % in. (10 mm), or bulges or knots associated with tread
  • Tire sidewall separation
• Patient Compartment. Any one of the following deficien­cies of a patient compartment and its systems shall cause the patient compartment to be taken out of service:
  • Patient compartment entry doors that do not latch prop­erly
  • Cot retention mechanism that does not hold the cot
  • HVAC system that does not cool or heat properly
  • Inoperative patient compartment illumination system
  • Damaged or inoperative primary patient care seat or seat belt
  • An inoperative medical gas system

Chapter 7 Daily / Weekly Visual and Operational Checks

7.1* General. A visual and operational check of the appara­tus shall be performed within 24 hours of a run or at least weekly.

• The visual and operational checks shall be performed to the requirements in Sections 7.2 through 7.4.
• The check sheet in Annex C or an equivalent check sheet shall be used to record the daily / weekly visual and operational checks.
• Personnel conducting the visual and operational checks shall meet the requirements of 4.3.2.
• Visual Checks. A visual check of components, fluid levels, fluid condition, leaks, and systems shall include, but not be limited to, the following (if applicable):
  • Engine oil fluid level and condition
  • Transmission fluid level and condition
  • Coolant level
  • Power steering fluid level and condition
  • Fluid leaks on the floor
  • Tire condition
  • Tire air pressure
  • Wheel and lug nuts
  • Seat belt condition
  • Windshield, mirrors, and door glass
  • Steering linkage
  • Cab doors, handles and steps
  • Battery condition
  • Body and compartment door condition
  • Running boards, steps, ladders, and handles
  • Ground ladder racks and mounting
  • Hydraulic brake fluid level
  • Placards and warning decals
  • Fron t and rear springs
  • Fuel tank level and mounting
  • Fire pump mounting
  • Fire pump discharges and suctions valves
  • Fire pump controls and gauges
  • Pump drains
  • Water tank level, leaks, and condition
  • Primer oil level
  • Aerial hydraulic system
  • Hydraulic fluid level and condition
  • Outriggers and torque box
  • Aerial device controls
  • Ladder and basket
  • Waterway and monitor
  • Auxiliary equipment and racks
• Operational Check. An operational check of the compo­nents and systems shall include, but not be limited to, the following (if applicable):

• Transmission
• Warning light system
• Fire pump
• Pump panel gauges and controls
• Relief valve
• Pressure governor operation
• Foam system
• Primer system
• Pump valves and reels
• Main drain and other drains
• Cooler valves
• Water tank level indicator
• DOT lighting
• Horns
• Brake system
• Parking or spring brakes
• Windshield wipers and washers
• Line voltage generating source
• Work lighting
• Cab door glass
• Power steps and access ladders
• Aerial hydraulic system
• Aerial outriggers
• Aerial interlocks
• Aerial device
• Auxiliary equipment and racks
• Drain moisture from air brake system reservoirs

7.4 Documentation.

• A record of the visual and operational check sheet shall be kept.
• The AHJ shall develop and implement a procedure for reporting defects found during the visual and operational checks.
• The AHJ shall have a procedure to remove the apparatus from service if an out-of-service criteria defect is found during the visual and operational checks.

Chapter 8 Inspection and Maintenance of the Chassis, Driving and Crew Compartment, and Body

• All components and systems commonly found on or in the chassis, driving compartment, crew compartment, and body shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and this chapter.
• Frame and Suspension.
• All frame rails and members shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and miss­ing or loose parts.
• All suspension components including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for defects, missing or loose parts, and functional operation and shall be lubricated:
  • Springs and spring hangers
  • Air springs (bags), mounting brackets, and attaching hardware
  • Equalizer beams and torque arms
  • Shock absorbers
• The frame and suspension shall be inspected for proper alignment.
• Axles, Tires, and Wheels.
• All axle components including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, deformation, abnormal wear, and leakage; shall be functionally operated; and shall be lubricated:
  • Ball joints
  • King pins
  • Spindles and bushings
  • Attaching hardware
  • Axle beams and housings
  • Axle shafts
  • Axle power dividers
  • Differentials and controls
  • Two-speed axle shift units (10) Upper and lower control arms
• Wheel bearings and seals shall be cleaned; shall be inspected for deformation, wear, cracks, and leakage; and shall be lubricated.

8.3.3* Tires shall be inspected for damage and shall be infla­ted to the tire manufacturer’s recommended pressure.

8.3.4* The tire load rating shall be checked to verify that it meets or exceeds the GAWR.

• The tire speed rating shall be checked to verify that it meets or exceeds the maximum top speed of the apparatus.

8.3.6* Tires shall be replaced at least every 7 years or more frequently when the tread wear exceeds state or federal stand­ards as determined by measuring with a tread depth gauge. [See 6.3.1(4).]

8.3.7* Wheel-attaching nuts shall be torqued to the wheel manufacturer’s recommendation.

8.3.8 Wheels and rims shall be inspected for cracks, deforma­tion, structural integrity, and corrosion.

•  
• The engine oil shall be inspected for contamination and maintained at the level specified by the engine manufacturer.
• The engine shall be inspected for security of mounting and fluid leaks.
• Engine oil and filters shall be serviced in accordance with the engine manufacturer’s severe service recommenda­tion. If no severe service recommendation exists, the shortest interval recommended by the engine manufacturer, based on time or mileage, shall be followed.
• The diagnostic codes for electronically controlled engines shall be reviewed for types and frequency of error codes that have been logged.

8.4.5* The engine performance shall be maintained in accordance with the engine manufacturer’s recommendations.

• Engine braking systems shall be maintained in accord­ance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Engine Cooling System.

8.5.1 The engine coolant shall be inspected for contamination and maintained at the level specified by the manufacturer.

• The radiator assembly shall be inspected and cleaned of dirt, debris, and obstructions to airflow.
• All hoses and fittings shall be inspected for condition and leakage.
• The water pump(s) shall be inspected for condition and leakage.
• The cooling system shall be pressure tested for leakage.
• All belts shall be inspected for wear, deformation, and proper adjustment.
• The chemical components of the coolant shall be tested and maintained at the proper balance.
• Cooling system temperature indicators and gauges shall be diagnostically checked.
• Temperature control devices including, but not limited to, the following shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Thermostats
  • Clutch fans
  • Radiator shutters
  • Electric cooling fans
• Auxiliary heat exchangers installed in the engine cool­ing system shall be inspected for security of mounting, defor­mation, and leaks.

8.6* Engine Fuel System.

• Fuel filters and fuel-water separators shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• The fuel tank, lines, and all connections shall be inspec­ted for security of mounting, deformation, and leakage.
• The carburetor or the injection pump and injectors shall be maintained in accordance with the engine manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Gauges, indicators, and sending units shall be diagnosti­cally checked.

8.6.5* All mechanical throttle linkage and stops shall be inspected for proper adjustment and diagnostically checked.

8.6.6 All electronic throttle components and throttle position sensors (TPS) shall be inspected and diagnostically checked.

8.7 Engine Air Intake System.

• The engine air intake system shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
  • Air cleaner element
  • Piping
  • Turbocharger
  • Air after-cooler
  • Intercooler
  • Air-to-air cooler
  • Blower
  • Ember separator
• The engine air intake system shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s severe service recommen­dation. If no severe service recommendation exists, the shortest service interval recommended by the engine manufacturer, based on time or mileage, shall be followed.
• Where engines are equipped with a charged air after- cooler, it shall be inspected visually for outward signs of damage or deformation.
• All hoses, tubes, and fittings shall be inspected for defor­mation and leakage.
• The airflow shall be monitored for restriction greater than that recommended by the engine manufacturer.
• Engine Exhaust System.
• The engine exhaust system shall include, but not be limi­ted to, the following:
  • Exhaust manifold(s)
  • Exhaust pipes
  • Muffler(s)
  • Tailpipe (s)
  • Exhaust clamps, brackets, and mounting hardware
  • Turbocharger
  • Catalytic converter(s)
  • Exhaust filtration system
• The exhaust system shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and exhaust leaks and shall be main­tained in accordance with the engine manufacturer’s recom­mendations.
•  
• The transmission shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, and leakage and shall be diag­nostically checked.
• The clutch and linkage, if the emergency vehicle is so equipped, shall be inspected for condition and adjustment, diagnostically checked, and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• Transmission lubricants and filters shall be inspected for contamination, and lubricants shall be maintained at the level specified by the manufacturer.
• The lubricant and filters shall be serviced in accordance with the transmission manufacturer’s severe service recommen­dation. If no severe service recommendation exists, the shortest interval recommended by the transmission manufacturer, based on time or mileage, shall be followed.
• The transmission controls and shift linkage shall be inspected for condition and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• All transmission indicators and gauges shall be tested for proper operation and accuracy.
• The diagnostic codes for all electronically controlled transmissions shall be reviewed for types and frequency of error codes that have been logged.
• Power takeoffs (PTOs) shall be inspected for security of mounting and leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.
• The lockup system for pumps and other accessories shall be inspected for leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.
• Transmission braking systems shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

8.9.11 Auxiliary heat exchangers installed in the transmission cooling system shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks.

•  
• All drive shafts, universal joints, carrier bearings, flanges, bearing cap bolts, and slip yokes shall be inspected for alignment, security of mounting, and wear and shall be lubrica­ted.
• Driveline retarding systems shall be cleaned, shall be inspected for security of mounting, shall be diagnostically checked, and shall be lubricated.
• Steering System.
• The steering system shall include, but not be limited to, the following components:
  • Power steering pump, filters, and reservoir
  • Steering valve(s), cylinders, and hydraulic components
  • Steering gear box(es)
  • Steering gear mounting brackets
  • Steering arms, drag links, pitman arms, tie rods, and tie rod ends
  • Steering column assembly and steering wheel
• All steering system components shall be inspected for structural integrity, security of mounting, leakage, and condi­tion; shall be diagnostically checked; and shall be lubricated.
• The surrounding vehicle components shall be inspec­ted for indications that the wheels or tires have been rubbing during steering.
• Both the left and right steering axle stops shall be diagnostically checked to ensure the steering gear hydraulics relieve before contacting the steering stops.
• Steering Gear Mounting Bracket.
• The steering gear mounting bracket shall be cleaned and inspected for cracks.
• All steering gear mounting bracket fasteners shall be inspected for proper installation, grade, and torque.
• The steering linkage assembly shall be inspected to ensure that the pinch bolts, cotter pins, and other retaining hardware are in place and properly secured.
• The steering wheel shall be rotated to check for steer­ing backlash.
• The steering gear box(es) and power steering reservoir lubricant levels shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• The steering valve(s), steering arms, drag links, pitman arms, tie rod ends, and steering column assembly shall be lubri­cated.
• All steering pump belts, hoses, and lines shall be inspected for wear, adjustment, and deformation.
• Electronic steering controls and indicators shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommen­dations.

8.12 Braking System.

8.12.1* The braking system shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s severe service recom­mendation. If no severe service recommendation exists, the shortest interval recommended by the braking system manufac­turer, based on time or mileage, shall be followed.

• The parking brake shall be inspected for structural integrity, security of mounting, missing or broken parts, and wear and shall be diagnostically checked.
• The parking brake controls and activating mechanism shall be inspected for structural integrity, security of mounting, and missing or broken parts; shall be diagnostically checked; and shall be lubricated.
• The brake linings shall be replaced in accordance with the brake manufacturer’s severe service recommendation when they are contaminated, when the lining is worn to the mini­mum thickness for safe operation as defined by the brake manufacturer, or when the brake drum or rotor is replaced.
• The drums or rotors shall be inspected during sched­uled maintenance, when there is a suspected problem, or at the time of brake lining replacement, and the inspection shall consist of, but not be limited to, the following:
  • Evidence of extensive heat or heat cracking
  • Out of round
  • Wear beyond manufacturer’s specifications
  • Rust
  • Taper
  • Rotor parallelism
  • Metal fatigue
• Machining of brake drums or rotors shall be done only in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
• All components of the braking system shall be inspec­ted for damage and wear when performing a brake overhaul.
• Andlock Braking Systems.
• Antilock braking systems (ABS), including the elec­tronic control unit, cables, switches, relays, sensors, and valves, shall be inspected for any deficiencies and shall be diagnosti­cally checked.
• The ABS electronic control unit (ECU) diagnostic codes shall be reviewed for types and frequency of error codes that have been logged.
• If the emergency vehicle has a hydraulic brake system, the components to be inspected and maintained shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
  • Pedal and linkage
  • Brake switches
  • Master cylinder
  • Brake booster
  • Hydraulic lines
  • Valves
  • Wheel cylinders or calipers
  • Brake shoes or pads
  • Brake drums or rotors
  • Warning devices
  • Mounting hardware
  • Fluid level and contamination 12.10 If the emergency vehicle has an air brake system, the components to be inspected and maintained shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
    • Air compressor
    • Pedal assembly
    • All valves
    • Hoses and lines
    • Brake switches
    • Brake air chambers
    • Slack adjusters
    • Cams and wedges
    • Brake shoes or pads
    • Brake drums or rotor
    • Calipers
    • Air dryers
    • Drain valves
    • Air tanks
    • Warning devices
    • Mounting hardware
  • If air accessories are connected to the chassis air brake system, the requirements of 8.12.10.1.1 and 8.12.10.1.2 shall apply.
  • The air brake system pressure protection valve(s) shall be diagnostically checked to the shutoff point.
  • The pressure protection valve shall prevent the air accessories from drawing air from the air brake system when the air pressure drops below 80 psi (552 kPa) to ensure adequate air pressure for the braking system.
  • Air reservoir tanks, air dryers, and drains shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leakage and shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
  • All valves, lines, cylinders, and chambers shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.
  • The compressor and inlet filter system shall be inspected for security of mounting and shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
  • All chassis air system belts shall be inspected for wear and deformation and shall be maintained at the manufac­turer’s recommended adjustment.
  • The cut-in and cut-out pressure settings of the air compressor governor shall be tested and maintained at the manufacturer’s recommended settings.
  • The low-air warning systems shall be tested to ensure that activation occurs at the manufacturer’s recommended setting.
  • Air pressure indicators shall be diagnostically checked.
  • Leak-down rate (time) of the applied side of the air brake system shall be performance tested with the engine stop­ped and the service brakes applied, and the air pressure shall not drop more than 3 psi (20.7 kPa) in 1 minute for a straight vehicle or more than 4 psi (27.6 kPa) in 1 minute for a combi­nation vehicle.
  • Leak-down rate (time) of the supply-side of the chassis air system shall be performance tested with the engine stopped and the service brakes released, and the air pressure shall not drop more than 2 psi (13.8 kPa) in 1 minute for a straight vehicle or more than 3 psi (20.7 kPa) in 1 minute for a combination vehicle.
  • Chassis Air-Powered Accessories. All chassis air-powered accessories including, but not limited to, the following shall be diagnostically checked:
    • Air horn
    • Windshield wiper and washer
    • Air-ride seats
    • Air-powered steps and cab tilting systems
    • Fire pump shift and valves
  • Crew and Passenger Compartments.
  • All glass, windows, and mirrors shall be inspected for condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
  • All seats shall be inspected for security of mounting and condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
  • All seat belts shall be inspected for security of mount­ing and condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
  • Doors, door hinges, latches, and door stops shall be inspected for security of mounting and condition, shall be diag­nostically checked, and shall be lubricated.
  • All components of the cab mounting system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation:
    • Mounting brackets
    • Cab base structure
    • Resilient cushions
    • Securing fasteners

8.14.6* All equipment mounting systems including, but not limited to, mounting systems for the following shall be inspec­ted for security of mounting and deformation and shall be maintained free of corrosion:

• Radios, computers, and siren controls
• Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
• Portable lights
• Hand tools
• Emergency medical service (EMS) equipment
• Books, street directories, and maps

8.14.7 Cab Tilting Systems. If the emergency vehicle has a cab tilting system, it shall be inspected and maintained in accord­ance with 8.14.7.1 and 8.14.7.2.

8.14.7.1* All components of the cab tilting system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked:

• Switches and remote controls
• Interlocks
• Motors and pumps
• Reservoirs
• Hoses and fittings
• Cylinders and lifting devices
• Cab support devices
• Split cab seals
• Pivot points

(10) Latches and hold-down devices 8.14.7.2 Fluids shall be inspected for contamination and maintained to the levels recommended by the manufacturer.

• Body and Compartmentation.
• All compartments and storage areas shall be inspected for structural integrity, deformation, and leaks.
• Hinges, latches, and seals shall be diagnostically checked and shall be lubricated.
• Doors shall be diagnostically checked for correct operation and position.
• The hazard warning light and interlocks associated with, but not limited to, the following conditions shall be diag­nostically checked:
  • Open passenger or equipment compartment doors
  • Ladder or equipment rack not in the stowed position
  • Deployed stabilizer system
  • Extended powered light tower
• All steps, platforms, handrails, and access ladders shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, and deformation.
• All slip-resistant surfaces shall be inspected for secur­ity of mounting and condition.
• All mechanical steps shall be diagnostically checked and shall be lubricated.
• All equipment mounting racks and brackets shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation, shall be diagnostically checked, and shall be lubricated.

8.15.4* All finishes and reflective striping shall be inspected for defects, corrosion, and damage.

8.15.5* Where required, all signs and labels shall be inspected for their presence and any defects, corrosion, and damage.

• Powered Equipment Racks. If the emergency vehicle is equipped with powered equipment racks, the racks shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with 8.16.1 through 8.16.5.
• All locks used to hold equipment racks in the road travel position and all interlocks to prevent operation of equip­ment racks when the emergency vehicle is in motion shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation.
• Racks and interlocks shall be diagnostically checked.
• All warning lights and visual signals for the equipment racks shall be diagnostically checked.
• Reflective striping or reflective paint shall be inspected for defects, corrosion, and damage.
• Equipment-holding devices shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation, shall be diagnostically checked, and shall be lubricated.

Chapter 9 Inspection and Maintenance of Low-Voltage Electrical Systems

9.1 General. Low-voltage electrical systems shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.

• All electrical equipment on the emergency vehicle shall be inspected and maintained, regardless of whether it is speci­fied in Sections 9.2 through 9.12.
• All components of the low-voltage electrical system shall meet the following criteria:
  • They shall be kept clean and free of accumulated dirt or corrosion.
  • They shall be maintained in accordance with manufactur­er’s instructions and schedules.
  • They shall be securely mounted.
  • They shall be securely connected to their electrical supply and ground.
• Starting System. All components of the starting system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnos­tically checked:
  • Batteries, cabling, and connections
  • Cranking motor
  • Solenoid, relays, and switches
  • Interlock systems
• All wring and wire looms shall be inspected for security of mounting, tight connections, proper routing, pres­ence of grommets, condition, and cleanliness.
• The battery(ies) shall be tested for storage and performance capabilities in accordance with the manufactur­er’s recommendations.
• Chaining System.

9.5.1 All components of the charging system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and alignment and shall be diagnosti­cally checked:

• Alternator, regulator, and associated wiring and cables
• Isolators
• Alternator drive belts
• Solenoids, relays, switches, and instrumentation
• Interlock systems

9.5.2* The alternator shall be diagnostically checked.

• Ignition System. All components of the ignition system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnos­tically checked:
  • Associated wiring and cables
  • Solenoid, relays, switches, instrumentation, and lighting
  • Primary and secondary systems
  • Glow plugs
• Automatic Electrical Load Management System.

9.7.1 If so equipped, all components of the automatic electri­cal load management system including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation:

• Electronic hardware
• Associated wiring and cables
• Relays, controls, and indicators
• Low-voltage warning devices 7.2 The electrical load management system shall be checked for activation and operation of low-voltage warning devices in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

• Miscellaneous Electrical Components. Miscellaneous elec­trical components including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Battery conditioners and chargers
  • Shoreline receptacles
  • Radios and intercoms
  • Converters and inverters
  • Fast idle system
  • Interlock system(s)
  • Operator alert devices
  • Other electrical components on the apparatus not other­wise specified in Section 9.8(1) through (7)
• Emergency Vehicle Lighting. All emergency vehicle light­ing including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspec­ted for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Headlights
  • Marker lights
  • Clearance lights
  • Turn signals and hazard lights
  • Brake lights
  • Backup lights
  • Dash lights
  • Other emergency vehicle lighting equipment on the vehi­cle not otherwise specified in Section 9.9(1) through 9.9(7)
• Work Lighting. All work lighting including, but not limi­ted to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Ground lights
  • Step lights
  • Flood, spot, and scene lights
  • Cab interior lights
  • Compartment lights
  • Other work lighting on the emergency vehicle not other­wise specified in Section 9.10(1) through 9.10(5)
• Electrical Accessories. All electrical accessories includ­ing, but not limited to, the following shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Heater and defroster
  • Air-conditioning system
  • Windshield wipers and washers
  • Instrumentation
  • Traffic pre-emption
  • Other electrical accessories on the emergency vehicle not otherwise specified in Section 9.11 (l)through 9.11 (5)
• Warning Devices. All warning devices including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation and shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Emergency warning lights
  • Electric and electronic sirens
  • Automotive traffic horn
  • Air horns
  • Backup alarm

(6) Other warning devices on the emergency vehicle not otherwise specified in Section 9.12(1) through 9.12(5)

9.13 Electric Trailer Brake Actuator.

9.13.1 If the emergency vehicle is equipped with an electric trailer brake actuator, it shall be inspected and diagnostically checked.

Chapter 10 Inspection and Maintenance of Water Pumping Systems and Water Tanks

•  
• If the fire apparatus is equipped with a fire pump, auxiliary pump, industrial pump, or transfer pump, the pump shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with Section 10.2 and the component manufacturer’s recommenda­tions.
• If the fire apparatus is equipped with a water tank, the tank shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with Section 10.3 and the component manufacturer’s recommenda­tions.
• Fire Pump, Auxiliary Pump, Industrial Pump, and Trans­fer Pump.

10.2.1* General. All fire pumps, auxiliary pumps, industrial pumps, and transfer pumps shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, and leakage and shall be diag­nostically checked.

• Pump Shaft Packing or Mechanical Seals. All pump shaft packing or mechanical seals shall be inspected and main­tained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommenda­tions.
• Renewable Anodes and Intake Strainers. Renewable anodes, intake strainers, or any other means to prevent galvanic corrosion shall be inspected for condition and replaced if necessary.
• Pump Drive System.

10.2.4.1* The pump drive system shall be inspected for secur­ity of mounting and leakage, shall be diagnostically checked, and shall be lubricated as required by the component manufac­turer.

10.2.4.2* All pump shift controls, pump shift indicators loca­ted in the driving compartment and on the operator’s panel, engine speed advancement interlocks, and any other interlocks of the pump drive system shall be inspected for security of mounting and leakage; shall be diagnostically checked; and shall be lubricated as required.

10.2.4.3 All fluids in the pump drive system shall be inspected for contamination and maintained at the level and condition specified by the component manufacturer.

• Piping and Valves. All pump piping, valves and valve controls, fire hose connections, caps, chains, and gaskets shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, proper valve operation, deformation, corrosion, and leakage and shall be lubricated as required by the component manufac­turer.
• Instrumentation and Gauges. All instrumentation, gauges, and lighting shall be inspected for security of mounting and condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
• Pump Test Label. The pump test label shall be inspec­ted to ensure that it is legible and attached to the vehicle.
• Pump Controls. All pump control systems including, but not limited to, the following shall be diagnostically checked:
  • Engine speed control and interlock
  • Pressure control devices
  • Transfer valve
  • Transmission lockup system
• Pump Priming System.
• The pump priming system shall be inspected for security of mounting and leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.
• The priming fluid, if required, shall be inspected for contamination and proper type and shall be maintained at the level recommended by the component manufacturer.
• Pump Drive Engine. If the pump has a separate drive engine, that engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with Sections 8.4 through 8.8, as applicable, and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

10.3 Water Tanks. If the apparatus is equipped with a water tank, the tank shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, deformation, and leakage and shall be maintained in accordance with 10.3.1 and 10.3.2 and the component manufacturer’s recommendations.

• The tank sumps, if equipped with a sump cleanout, shall be cleaned.
• Where so equipped, anodes and other means to prevent galvanic corrosion shall be inspected and maintained as recommended by the manufacturer.

Chapter 11 Inspection and Maintenance of Aerial Devices

• If the fire apparatus is equipped with an aerial ladder, elevating platform, or water tower, the aerial device and its associated systems shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• The aerial device shall be inspected in accordance with Chapter 22.
• The aerial device and its associated systems shall be maintained in accordance with the aerial device manu­facturer’s recommendations.
• Air Storage Systems.
• If the aerial device has an air storage system, the air storage tanks shall be inspected to verify that hydrostatic test dates are within the periods specified by the manufacturers and the applicable governmental agencies.
• Test reports shall be reviewed to verify that the air has been tested and is in accordance with NFPA 1989.

Chapter 12 Inspection and Maintenance of Foam Proportioning Systems

12.1* General. If the fire apparatus is equipped with a foam proportioning system, the system shall be inspected and main­tained in accordance with this chapter.

12.2 System Components.

• All components of the foam proportioning system shall be maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the foam system manufacturer.
• All components of the foam proportioning system shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, and leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.

12.3* Cleaning. The foam proportioning system components not designed to stay in continuous contact with foam concen­trate shall be thoroughly flushed after each use to ensure that all piping and components are clear of all foam concentrate.

• Instrumentation and Controls. All instrumentation, gauges, and controls shall be inspected for security of mount­ing and condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
• Strainer or Filter. Where a foam concentrate strainer(s) or filter(s) is utilized, the strainer/filter assembly shall be serv­iced at routine scheduled intervals.
• Foam Concentrate Pump.
• Where the foam proportioning system is equipped with a foam concentrate pump, it shall be maintained as recommen­ded by the manufacturer.
• The oil for the pump lubrication system shall be inspec­ted for possible water/foam contamination and shall be main­tained at the level recommended by the manufacturer.
• Foam Concentrate or Foam Solution Tanks.
• All foam concentrate or foam solution tanks shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, defor­mation, and leakage.
• Foam Concentrate Inspection.
• At least annually, a visual inspection shall be made of the foam concentrate(s) in the apparatus storage tank(s) for evidence of sludging or deterioration.
• If evidence of sludging or deterioration is observed, the foam concentrate shall be replaced or tested to determine if it is suitable for continued use.
• Foam concentrates that have exceeded the shelf life specified by the concentrate manufacturer or that the test results determine are not suitable for continued use shall be replaced.
• Diagnostic Check. The foam system shall be operated to demonstrate the ability of the system to discharge foam solu­tion or equivalent.

Chapter 13 Inspection and Maintenance of Compressed Air- Foam Systems (CAFS)

• If the fire apparatus is equipped with a compressed air-foam system (CAFS), the system shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• System Components.
• All components of the compressed air-foam system shall be maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
• All components of the compressed air-foam system shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, and leakage and shall be diagnostically checked.
• The foam proportioning system shall be maintained, serviced, and flushed as required by Chapter 12.
• Compressed Air Source.
• The components of the compressed air source including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, cleanliness, and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer:
  • Filters
  • Piping, clamps, tubing, and hose
  • Moisture drains
  • Air-pressure relief valves
  • Brackets on the air intake system
• Diagnostic Check. The air compressor shall be diag­nostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer.
• Air-Cooled Engine-Driven Air Compressor.

13.3.3.1* All components of an air-cooled engine-driven air compressor shall be inspected for security of mounting, defor­mation, cleanliness, and leaks.

13.3.3.2 The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:

• Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
• Sections 8.6 through 8.8

• Water-Cooled Engine-Driven Air Compressor.
• All components of a water-cooled engine-driven air compressor shall be inspected for security of mounting, defor­mation, cleanliness, and leaks.
• The air compressor shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer.
• The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:
  • Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
  • Subsections 8.5.1 through 8.5.9
  • Sections 8.6 through 8.8
• Power Takeoff (PTO)-Driven Air Compressor.

13.3.5.1 All components of a PTO-driven air compressor including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer:

(1) PTO

• Drive shafts
• Transfer case
• Gear box
• Air compressor

13.3.5.2 All fluids in the PTO system(s) shall be inspected for contamination and shall be maintained at the level recommen­ded by the manufacturer.

13.3.6 Hydraulic-Driven Air Compressor.

• All components of a hydraulic-driven air compressor including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer:
  • Hydraul ic pum p
  • Hydraulic motor
  • Hydraulic fluid reservoir
  • Hydraulic fluid cooler
  • Control systems
  • Hose, lines, and valves
• All fluids in the hydraulic system(s) shall be inspected for contamination and proper type and shall be maintained at the level recommended by the manufacturer.

Chapter 14 Inspection and Maintenance of Line Voltage Electrical Systems

• If the emergency vehicle has a line voltage elec­trical system, it shall be inspected and maintained in accord­ance with this chapter.
• Power Source.
• All components of the line voltage power source shall be maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.
• All power sources shall be inspected for security of mounting, condition, and fluid leakage.
• Power sources shall be diagnostically checked.
• Remote controls for power sources shall be inspected for condition and shall be diagnostically checked.
• All wiring and wire looms shall be inspected for security of mounting, tight connections, proper routing, pres­ence of grommets, condition, and cleanliness.
• Appliances and Controls. All line voltage appliances and controls including, but not limited to, the following appliances and controls shall be inspected for security of mounting and condition:

• Circuit Protection.
• Circuit breakers and ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) shall be inspected for condition and diagnostically checked.
• All circuit breakers and ground fault circuit interrupt­ers (GFCIs) shall be cycled off and on.
• Instrumentation, including voltme­ters), ammeter(s), and frequency meter(s); warning and indi­cator lights; and associated interlock systems, shall be inspected for condition and diagnostically checked.
• Engine-Driven Generators.
• Air-Cooled Engine-Driven Line Voltage Generator.

14.7.1.1* All components of an air-cooled engine-driven line voltage generator shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, cleanliness, and leaks.

14.7.1.2 The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:

• Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
• Sections 8.6 through 8.8

• Water-Cooled Engine-Driven Line Voltage Generator.
• All components of a water-cooled engine-driven line voltage generator shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, cleanliness, and leaks.
• The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:
  • Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
  • Subsections 8.5.1 through 8.5.9
  • Sections 8.6 through 8.8
• Power Takeoff (PTO)-Driven Line Voltage Generators.
• All components of PTO-driven line voltage generators including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks:
  • PTO
  • Drive shafts
  • Transfer case
  • Gear box
  • Generator
• All fluids in the PTO system(s) shall be visually inspec­ted for contamination and shall be maintained at the level recommended by the manufacturer.
• Hydraulic-Driven Line Voltage Generators.
• All components of hydraulic-driven line voltage genera­tors including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspec­ted for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks:
  • Hydraulic pump and drive system
  • Hydraulic motor and drive system
  • Hydraulic fluid reservoir
  • Hydraulic fluid cooler
  • Control systems
  • Hose, lines, and valves
• All fluids in the hydraulic system(s) shall be visually inspected for contamination and proper type and shall be maintained at the level recommended by the manufacturer.

14.10 Belt-Driven Line Voltage Generators. All components of belt-driven line voltage generators including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation:

• Belts
• Pulleys
• Clutch and control system
• Electronics
• Generator
• Mounting hardware

Chapter 15 Inspection and Maintenance of Utility Air and Breathing Air Systems

• Any compressed air system on a fire apparatus, whether for breathing or utility air, shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• If the emergency vehicle has a breathing air compres­sor system, the compressor system shall be serviced annually by a manufacturer’s authorized representative.
• If the emergency vehicle has a breathing air compres­sor system, the quality of air produced by the breathing air compressor system shall be tested in accordance with NFPA 1989 following completion of the annual servicing required by 15.1.1.
• System Components.
• All components of the air system shall be maintained in accordance with the recommendations of the assembler or manufacturer.
• All thermal insulating material around air system components shall be inspected for security of mounting and condition.
• If the air system has drive belts, they shall be inspected for proper adjustment.
• Automatic shutdown systems shall be tested in accord­ance with the recommendations of the assembler or manufac­turer.
• All system components shall be diagnostically checked for leaks, operation, and pressure settings.
• All warning, function, and instruction labels shall be inspected for condition and legibility.
• Piping, Hose, Valves, and Instrumentation.
• All rigid piping shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation.
• All flexible hose shall be inspected for cuts, abrasions, or damage.
• All valves, quick couplers, and hose reels shall be inspected for security of mounting, proper operation, and leak­age.
• All gauges, instruments, and regulators shall be inspec­ted for security of mounting and condition.
• Air Compressors.

15.5.1 Compressors and boosters shall be inspected for secur­ity of mounting and diagnostically checked.

• Air-intake filters and screens shall be inspected for security of mounting and airflow obstruction or restriction.
• The compressor cooling system shall be inspected for cleanliness and diagnostically checked.
• Purification System.
• The purification system shall be inspected for security of mounting and deformation, shall be tested for leakage, and shall be diagnostically checked.
• Filter elements and purifier cartridges shall be replaced when specified by the manufacturer.
• Air Storage Tanks.
• Air storage tanks shall be inspected for security of mounting and shall be tested for leakage.
• Air storage tanks shall be inspected to verify that hydro­static test dates are within the periods specified by the manufac­turers and the applicable governmental agencies.

15.8* Refill Stations. Fragmentation tubes, guards, or any other safety devices associated with SCBA filling stations shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and condi­tion.

15.9 Air Compressor.

• Air-Cooled Engine-Driven Air Compressor.

15.9.1.1* All components of an air-cooled engine-driven air compressor shall be inspected for security of mounting, defor­mation, cleanliness, and leaks.

• The air compressor shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer.
• The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:
  • Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
  • Sections 8.6 through 8.8
• Water-Cooled Engine-Driven Air Compressor.
• All components of a water-cooled engine-driven air compressor shall be inspected for security of mounting, defor­mation, cleanliness, and leaks.
• The air compressor shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer.
• The engine shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the following portions of this standard:
  • Subsections 8.4.1 through 8.4.5
  • Subsections 8.5.1 through 8.5.9
  • Sections 8.6 through 8.8
• Power Takeoff (PTO)-Driven Air Compressor.

15.9.3.1 All components of a PTO-driven air compressor including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer:

• PTO
• Drive shafts
• Transfer case
• Gear box
• Air compressor 9.3.2 All fluids in the PTO system(s) shall be inspected for contamination and shall be maintained at the level recommen­ded by the manufacturer.

15.9.4 Hydraulic-Driven Air Compressor.

• All components of a hydraulic-driven air compressor including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, deformation, and leaks and shall be diagnostically checked as recommended by the manufacturer:
  • Hydraul ic pum p
  • Hydraulic motor
  • Hydraulic fluid reservoir
  • Hydraulic fluid cooler
  • Control systems
  • Hose, lines, and valves
• All fluids in the hydraulic system(s) shall be inspected for contamination and proper type and shall be maintained at the level recommended by the manufacturer.

15.10 Records.

• Complete records shall be maintained of all inspec­tions and maintenance performed on the compressed air system.
• If the system is a breathing air compressor system, records of air quality testing, as required by NFPA 1989, shall be examined to determine that the air is being tested at the proper intervals and that no indications of deteriorating air quality exist.

Chapter 16 Inspection and Maintenance of Trailers

• Trailers shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• Frame, Hitch, Axle, and Suspension.
• All frame rails and members shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and miss­ing or loose parts.
• All suspension components including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for defects, missing or loose parts, and functional operation and shall be lubricated:
  • Springs and spring hangers
  • Air springs (bags), mounting brackets, and attaching hardware
  • Equalizer beams and torque arms
  • Shock absorbers
• The safety chains and chain latches shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and missing or loose parts.
• The hitch mounting shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and missing or loose parts.

16.2.4.1 The hitch operation and lock shall be diagnostically checked.

• The axle shall be inspected for alignment.
• All axle components including, but not limited to, the following shall be inspected for security of mounting, structural integrity, deformation, and abnormal wear; functionally oper­ated; and lubricated:
  • Spindles and bushings
  • Attaching hardware
  • Axle beams
• Wheel bearings and seals shall be cleaned; inspected for deformation, wear, cracks, and leakage; and lubricated.

16.2.8* Tires shall be inspected for damage and inflated to the tire manufacturer’s recommended pressure.

16.2.9* Tires shall be replaced at least every 7 years or more frequendy when the tread wear exceeds federal, state, or provincial standards as determined by measuring with a tread depth gauge. [See 6.3.1(4).]

• The tire load rating times the number of tires on the axle shall be checked to verify that it meets or exceeds the GAWR.
• Wheel attaching nuts shall be torqued to the wheel manufacturer’s specifications.
• Wheels and rims shall be inspected for cracks, defor­mation, structural integrity, and corrosion.

16.3 Trailer Brake Systems.

• The braking system shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• The brake linings shall be replaced in accordance with the brake manufacturer’s recommendations when they are contaminated, when the lining is worn to the minimum thick­ness for safe operation as defined by the brake manufacturer, or when the brake drum or rotor is replaced.
• The drums or rotors shall be inspected during sched­uled maintenance, when there is a suspected problem, or at the time of brake lining replacement.

16.3.3.1 The inspection shall consist of, but not be limited to, inspecting for the following:

• Evidence of extensive heat or heat cracking
• Out of round drums/warped rotors
• Wear beyond manufacturer’s specifications
• Rust pitting
• Tapered drums
• Rotor parallelism
• Metal fatigue

• If the trailer has an electric brake system, the following additional components shall be inspected and maintained:
  • Wiring and ground connections
  • Magnets and mounting
  • Mounting hardware
  • Electrical break away system and battery
• If the trailer has a hydraulic brake system, the following additional components shall be inspected and maintained:
  • Actuator and linkage
  • Hydraulic lines
  • Master cylinder
  • Valves
  • Wheel cylinders or calipers
  • Mounting hardware
  • Fluid level and contamination
  • Break away system
• If the trailer has an air brake system, the following addi­tional components shall be inspected and maintained:
  • All valves
  • Hoses and lines
  • Brake air chambers
  • Slack adjusters
  • Cams and wedges
  • Calipers
  • Air tanks
  • Drain valves
  • Mounting hardware (10) Glad hands and hoses
• The air brake system pressure protection valve (s) shall be diagnostically checked to the shutoff point.
• Leak-down rate (time) of the applied side of the air brake system shall be diagnostically checked with the engine stopped and the service brakes applied, and the air pressure shall not drop more than 4 psi (27.6 kPa) in 1 minute for a combination vehicle.
• All components of the braking system shall be inspec­ted for damage and wear when performing a brake overhaul.

16.4 Trailer Electrical and Lighting. All trailer electrical systems and lighting shall be inspected and maintained to the applicable requirements of Chapter 9 of this document.

Chapter 17 Inspection and Maintenance of Patient Compartment

• The patient compartment shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• Patient Compartment Interior.
• Seats and seat belts shall be inspected for defects, struc­tural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and missing or loose parts.
• Seats and seat belts operation shall be diagnostically checked and lubricated.
• The cot retention system shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and missing or loose parts.
• The cot retention system shall be diagnostically checked and lubricated.
• The HVAC system shall be inspected for defects, struc­tural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and missing or loose parts.
• The HVAC system shall be diagnostically checked.
• Action panel switches shall be inspected and diagnosti­cally checked.
• The medical gas system and components shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, leaks, and missing or loose parts.
• The medical gas system and components shall be diag­nostically checked.
• Interior compartments, doors, locks and latches shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perfora­tions, and missing or loose parts.
• Line voltage outlets shall be inspected and diagnosti­cally checked.
• The line voltage power source shall be inspected and diagnostically checked.
• Low-voltage outlets shall be inspected and diagnosti­cally checked.
• Fire extinguishers and mounts shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, charge, and missing or loose parts.
• Handrails and mounts shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, and missing or loose parts.
• The seat belt warning system shall be diagnostically checked.
• The air exhaust fan system shall be diagnostically checked.
• The automatic patient compartment illumination and scene light activation from patient compartment doors shall be diagnostically checked.
• The manual patient compartment illumination and scene light activation shall be diagnostically checked.
• The carbon monoxide detector shall be diagnostically checked.

17.3 Auxiliary Equipment.

• Medical gas tank mounts and lifts shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and miss­ing or loose parts.
• Oxygen lifts shall be diagnostically checked.
• Medical equipment mounts shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, corrosion, perforations, and miss­ing or loose parts.
• Suction pumps and outlets shall be inspected for defects, structural integrity, leaks, and missing or loose parts.
• Suction pumps and outlets shall be diagnostically checked.

Chapter 18 Inspection and Maintenance of Winch Systems

• Any winch or winch attachment point on a fire apparatus shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with this chapter.
• Winch Assembly. The winch assembly shall be cleaned, shall be inspected for security of mounting, shall be diagnosti­cally checked, and shall be lubricated.
• Winch Wire or Synthetic Rope.

18.3.1 The winch wire or synthetic rope shall be unwound from the winch drum and checked for security of attachment to the drum, security of attachment at the clevis and hook, kinks in the wire or rope, and frayed strands.

• Wire rope shall be cleaned and lubricated in accord­ance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
• All rollers and guides shall be inspected for proper lubrication, proper operation, and any signs of wear.
• Power Supply and Controls.
• Power supply cables, remote control cables, and hydraulic hose shall be checked for wear, cracking, kinking, and abrasion.
• The controls shall be diagnostically checked to ensure that they allow forward, reverse, neutral, and free-spooling clutch operation.
• Hydraulic fluid and filters shall be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• If present, the “OK to operate winch” indicator and the interlock system to prevent advancement of the engine speed shall be diagnostically checked.
• Attachment Points. Attachment points for removable electric winches shall be inspected for security of mounting and damage.

Chapter 19 Road Tests and Annual Weight Verification

• The chassis components shall be tested annu­ally as required by this chapter.
• Emergency Vehicle Axle Weight Test.
• The fully loaded emergency vehicle shall be weighed following the procedure specified in 19.2.2 through 19.2.5 to ensure that the weight on the front and rear axles and the gross vehicle weight do not exceed the gross axle weight ratings (GAWRs) and the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) or gross combination weight rating (GCWR) as shown on the rating plate on the emergency vehicle.
• The emergency vehicle shall be prepared to be weighed as follows:
  • Load the emergency vehicle with all items that are onboard while it is in service.
  • Fill all fluid tanks, including the following:
    • Fuel tank
    • Foam tank(s)
    • Water tank
    • Drinking water coolers
    • Ice chests
    • Portable equipment fuel containers
  • Remove all personnel from the driving and crew compart­ments.

19.2.3* The emergency vehicle shall be weighed using a certi­fied truck scale as follows:

• Weigh the front axle.
• Weigh the rear axle, whether single or tandem.
• Weigh the entire apparatus.

19.2.4 The emergency vehicle weight form shown in Figure 19.2.4 shall be completed as follows to determine if the emer­gency vehicle is overloaded:

(1) Record the axle weight ratings shown on the rating plate of the vehicle on line A.