NFPA 1906 Wildland Fire Apparatus

Chapter 1 Administration

1.1* Scope. This standard shall define the minimum require­ments for the design, performance, and testing of new automo­tive fire apparatus that are designed primarily to support wildland fire suppression operations.

• The purpose of this standard shall be to estab­lish the minimum requirements for new automotive wildland fire apparatus that will be safe and reliable when properly maintained and used within design parameters.

1.3.1* This standard shall apply to new fire apparatus that meet the following criteria:

(1) Rated at minimum 10,001 lb (4501 kg) gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR)

• Designed specifically for supporting wildland fire suppres­sion operations
• Contracted for on or after January 1, 2016

• Nothing shall prevent the use of the standard prior to January 1, 2016, if the purchaser and the contractor agree.
• This standard shall not apply to fire apparatus designed to support structural fire fighting or associated fire department operations, which are covered by the requirements of NFPA 1901.

1.4* Retroactivity. The standard is not intended to be applied retroactively.

• Nothing in this standard is intended to prevent the use of systems, methods, or devices of equivalent or superior quality, strength, fire resistance, effectiveness, durabil­ity, and safety over those prescribed by this standard.
• Technical documentation shall be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate equivalency.
• The system, method, or device shall be approved for the intended purpose by the authority having jurisdiction.
• Units of Measure.

1.6.1* In this standard, values for measurement in U.S. customary units shall be followed by an equivalent in SI units.

1.6.2 Either set of values can be used, but the same set of values (either U.S. customary units or SI units) shall be used consistently.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

• The documents or portions thereoflisted in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.
• NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1963, Standard for Fire Hose Connections, 2014 edition.

• Other Publications.
• ANSI Publications. American National Standards Insti­tute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th floor, New York, NY 10036.

ANSI/NEMA Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels, 2011.

• ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Two Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.

ANSI/ASME Bl.20.7, Hose Coupling Screw Threads, Inch, 1991 (R2003).

ASME B40.100, Pressure Cauges and Gauge Attachments, 2005. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, 2013.

• ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Ban- Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ASTM D4956, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, 2013.

1906-7

REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS

• FAMA Publications. Fire Apparatus Manufacturers Asso­ciation, P.O. Box 397, Lynnfield, MA 01940-0397.
• ISEA Publications. International Safety Equipment Asso­ciation, 1901 North Moore Street, Arlington, VA 22209-1762, safetyequipment.org.
• ISO Publications. International Standards Organiza­tion, 1 rue de Varembe, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Geneve 20, Switzerland.
• Parker Hannifin, Racor Division Publication. Parker Hannifin, Racor Division, Attn: Dan Haggard, 805 West Street, Holly Springs, MS 38634.
• SAE Publications. Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.

SAE J156, Fusible Links, 2012.

SAEJ541, Voltage Drop for Starting Motor Circuits, 1996.

SAE J551 /1, Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (16.6Hz to 18 GHz), 2010.

SAE J553, Circuit Breakers, 2004.

SAEJ554, Electric Fuses (Cartridge Type), 1987.

SAE J575, Test Methods and Equipment for Lighting Devices and Components for Use on Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, 2012.

SAEJ578, Color Specification, 2012.

SAE J595, Directional Flashing Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, 2008.

SAE J683, Tire Chain Clearance — Trucks, Buses (Except Subur­ban, Intercity, and Transit Buses), and Combinations of Vehicles, 2011.

SAE J845, Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, 2007.

SAE J994, Alarm — Backup — Electric, Laboratory Performance Testing, 2009.

SAEJ1127, Low Voltage Battery Cable, 2012.

SAEJ1128, Low Voltage Primary Cable, 2012.

SAEJ1194, Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agri­cultural Tractors, 2009.

SAE J1330, Photometry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines, 2007.

SAE J1690, Flashers, 1996.

SAE J1849, Emergency Vehicle Sirens, 2012.

SAE J1888, High Current Time Lag Electric Fuses, 1990.

SAE J1889, L.E.D. Signal and Marking Lighting Devices, 2011.

SAEJ2077, Miniature Blade Type Electrical Fuses, 1990.

SAE J2180, A Tilt Table Procedure for Measuring the Static Roll­over Threshold for Heavy Trucks, 2011.

SAE J2202, Heavy-Duty Wiring Systems for On-Highway Trucks, 2008.

SAE J2418, Occupant Restraint System Evaluation — Frontal Impact Component-Level Heavy Trucks, 1998, reaffirmed 2003.

SAE J2420, COE Frontal Strength Evaluation — Dynamic Load­ing Heavy Trucks, 2010.

SAE J2422, Cab Roof Strength Evaluation — Quasi-Static Load­ing Heavy Trucks, 2010.

• TRA Publications. Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave., Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.

Tire and Rim Association — Year Book, 2015.

• UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096.

ANSI/UL 969, Standard for Marking and Labeling Systems, 1995, with revisions through November 24, 2008.

• UNECE Publications. UN Economic Commission for Europe, Palais des Nations, CH – 1211, Geneva 10 Switzerland, www. U NECE .org.

ECE Regulation number 29, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Protection of the Occupants of the Cab of a Commercial Vehicle, 2011.

• S. Department of Agriculture Publications. US DA

Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center, 444 East Bonita Avenue, San Dimas, CA91773.

USDA – Forest Service Standard 5100-1.

• S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Public Law 89-563.

Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.169, “Air receivers.” 29 CFR 1910.169.

Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 178.37, “Specifi­cation 3AA and 3AAX seamless steel cylinders.” 49 CFR 178.37.

Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 393.94(c), “Inte­rior noise levels in power units.” 49 CFR 393.94(c).

• Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2013 edition. NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2014 edition.

NFPA 414, Standard for Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Vehicles, 2012 edition.

NFPA 1150, Standard on Foam Chemicals for Fires in Class A Fuels, 2010 edition.

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

NFPA 1917, Standard for Automotive Ambulances, 2016 edition. NFPA 1961, Standard on Fire Hose, 2013 edition.

Chapter 3 Definitions

• The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.
• NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic­tion.

3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

3.2.3 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organ­ization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains peri­odic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materi­als, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.

3.2.4* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evalua­tion of services, and whose listing states that either the equip­ment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

• Indicates a mandatory requirement.
• Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
• An NFPA Standard, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

• An agreement between the purchasing authority and the contractor that the terms and conditions of the contract have been met.
• Acceptance Tests. Tests performed on behalf of or by the purchaser at the time of delivery to determine compliance with the specifications for the fire apparatus.
• Access Ladder. One or more rungs (of any shape) for climbing that have a degree of inclination between 60 and 90 degrees.
• Active Horizontal Angles of Light Emission. The angles, measured in a horizontal plane passing through the optical center of the optical source, as specified by the manufacturer of the optical device, between which the optical source contrib­utes optical power.
• Angle of Approach. The smallest angle made between the road surface and a line drawn from the front point of ground contact of the front tire to any projection of the appa­ratus in front of the front axle.
• Angle of Departure. The smallest angle made between the road surface and a line drawn from the rear point of ground contact of the rear tire to any projection of the appara­tus behind the rear axle.
• ASME Pressure Vessel. A pressure vessel used for the storage or accumulation of air or gas under pressure that is constructed and tested in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
• Automatic Electrical Load Management System. A

3.3.9* Automatic Regulating Foam Proportioning System. A

foam proportioning system that automatically adjusts the flow of foam concentrate into the water stream to maintain the desired proportioning ratio.

• Auxiliary Braking System. A braking system in addition to the service brakes, such as an engine retarder, transmission retarder, driveline retarder, or exhaust retarder.
• Auxiliary Engine-Driven Pumps. Pumps whose power is provided by engines that are independent of the vehicle engine.
• Back-Up Alarm. An audible device designed to warn that the fire apparatus is in reverse gear.
• Battery Disconnect Switch. A switch that disconnects the battery from all of the vehicle’s wring.
• Bubble (Foam). A thin-walled, roughly spherical film of liquid inflated with air.
• Center of Gravity. The point at which the entire weight of the fire apparatus is considered to be concentrated so that, if supported at this point, the apparatus would remain in equili­brium in any position.
• The basic operating motor vehicle including the engine, frame, and other essential structural and mechani­cal parts, but exclusive of the body and all appurtenances for the accommodation of driver, property, passengers, appliances, or equipment related to other than control. Common usage might, but need not, include a cab (or cowl).
• Class A Fires. Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.
• Class A Foam. Foam for use on fires in Class A fuels.
• Class A Fuel. Materials such as vegetation, wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and some plastics in which combustion can occur at or below the surface of the material. [1150, 20101

3.3.20* Compound Gauge. A gauge that indicates pressure both above and below atmospheric pressure.

3.3.21* Compressed Air Foam System (CAFS). A foam system that combines air under pressure with foam solution to create foam.

3.3.22 Continuous Duty. Operation at a substantially constant load for an indefinitely long time. [70:1001

3.3.23* Contractor. The person or company responsible for fulfilling an agreed-upon contract.

• Convenient Reach. The ability of the operator to manipulate the controls from a driving/riding position without excessive movement away from the seat back or without exces­sive loss of eye contact with the roadway.
• Curb Weight. The total weight of the complete vehicle less the payload.
• A discontinuity in a part or a failure to func­tion that interferes with the service or reliability for which the part was intended.
• Discharge Outlet Size. The nominal size of the first fire hose connection from the pump on a discharge.
• Any data or information supplied by the manufacturer or contractor relative to the apparatus, including information on its operation, service, and mainte­nance. 
• DOT Cylinder. A pressure vessel constructed and tested in accordance with Title 49 CFR 178.37 that is used for the storage and transportation of air under pressure. 
• Dry Location. A location not normally exposed to moisture such as in the interior of the driving or crew compart­ment, the interior of a fully enclosed walk-in fire apparatus body, or a watertight compartment opened only for mainte­nance operations. 

3.3.31* Eductor. A device placed in a hose line or a discharge pipe that incorporates a venturi and proportions foam concen­trate or other fire fighting agents into the water stream. 

3.3.32* Ejector. An appliance used to fill a fire engine’s tank when the water source is below or beyond the engine’s drafting capability.

3.3.33* Electric Siren (Electromechanical). An audible warn­ing device that produces sound by the use of an electric motor with an attached rotating slotted or perforated disc. 

3.3.34* Electronic Siren. An audible warning device that produces sound electronically through the use of amplifiers and electromagnetic speakers. 

• Emergency Vehicle. A fire apparatus or other vehicle that is permitted by law to call for the right of way while responding to an incident affecting the public safety and to block the public road while at the scene of such an incident.
• Enclosed Compartment. An area designed to protect stored items from environmental damage (weather resistant) that is confined on six sides and equipped with an access open­ing^) that can be closed and latched.
• Estimated In-Service Weight. The amount that the fire apparatus manufacturer estimates the apparatus will weigh when it is placed in service with all fixed and portable equip­ment installed, all tanks full, and all personnel seating positions occupied.
• Expansion Ratio. The ratio of the volume of foam in its aerated state to the original volume of nonaerated foam solution. 
• Final-Stage Manufacturer. An entity that performs such manufacturing operations on an incomplete vehicle that it becomes a complete vehicle.
• Fire Pump. A water pump with a rated capacity of at least 250 gpm (1000 L/min) but less than 3000 gpm (12,000 L/min) at 150 psi (1000 kPa) net pump pressure, or a water pump with a rated capacity over 3000 gpm (12,000 L/ min) or greater at 100 psi (700 kPa) net pump pressure that is mounted on a fire apparatus and used for fire fighting.
• Abbreviation for Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Regulations promulgated by the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the United States under Public Law 89-563, which are mandatory and must be complied with when motor vehicles or items of motor vehi­cle equipment are manufactured and certified thereto.
• An aerated fire-extinguishing solution created by mixing air into foam solution to form bubbles. 
• Foam Concentrate. Foam fire-fighting agent as received from the manufacturer that must be diluted with water to make foam solution. 
• Foam Proportioned A device or method to add foam concentrate to water to make foam solution. 
• Foam Proportioning System. The apparatus and tech­niques used to mix concentrate with water to make foam solu­tion. 
• Foam Solution. A homogeneous mixture of water and foam concentrate in the proper proportions. 
• Fully Enclosed Personnel Area. A driver or passenger compartment on the fire apparatus that provides total enclo­sure on all sides, top, and bottom and has positive latching on all access doors.
• United States gallon [231 in.³ (3.785 L)].
• A visual device that indicates a measurement.

3.3.50 Gauge Pressure. Pressure measured by an instrument where the pressure indicated is relative to atmospheric pres­sure. 

3.3.51* GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating). The final-stage manufacturer’s specified maximum load-carrying capacity of an axle system, as measured at the tire-ground interfaces.

3.3.52* Grade. A measurement of the angle used in road design and expressed as a percentage of elevation change over distance. 

3.3.53 Ground Clearance. The verticle distance from the vehi­cle component to the ground. 

3.3.54* GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating). The final-stage manufacturer’s specified maximum load-carrying capacity of a single vehicle. 

• Instruction Plate. A visual indication whether in picto­rial or word format that provides instruction to the operator in the use of a component on the apparatus. [1901,20161
• Intake Connection Size. The nominal size of the first fire hose connection from the pump on an intake. 
• Intake Relief Valve. A relief valve piped to the intake manifold of a pump and designed to automatically relieve excessive pressure from the incoming flow of water by discharg­ing water to the environment.
• A sheltered location not exposed to the envi­ronment. [1901,20161
• A device or arrangement by means of which the functioning of one part is controlled by the functioning of another. ]
• Insurance Services Office.
• A visual indication whether in pictorial or word format that provides for the identification of a control, switch, indicator, or gauge, or the display of information useful to the operator.
• Pump lift is the vertical distance from the water surface to the centerline or eye of the impeller of the pump.
• Line Voltage Circuit, Equipment, or System. An ac or

dc electrical circuit, equipment, or system where the voltage to ground or from line to line is greater than 30 V rms (ac), 42.4 V peak (ac), or 60 V dc.

• Low-Voltage Circuit, Equipment, or System. An electri­cal circuit, equipment, or system where the voltage does not exceed 30 V rms (ac), 42.4 peak (ac), or 60 V dc; usually 12 V dc in fire apparatus.
• Manually Regulated Foam Proportioning System. A

foam proportioning system that requires manual adjustment to maintain the proportioning ratio when there is a change of flow or pressure through the foam proportioner.

• The person or persons, company, firm, corporation, partnership, or other organization responsible for turning raw materials or components into a finished product.
• 3.3.67* Maximum Pump Close-Off Pressure. The maximum pump discharge pressure obtained with all discharge outlets closed, with the pump primed and running, with the pump drive engine operating at maximum obtainable speed, and with the pump intake pressure at atmospheric pressure or less. 
• Minimum Continuous Electrical Load. The electrical current required to continuously operate a defined set of elec­trical devices. 
• Miscellaneous Equipment. Portable tools and equip­ment carried on a fire apparatus not including suction hose, fire hose, ground ladders, fixed power sources, hose reels, cord reels, breathing air systems, or other major equipment or components permanently mounted on the apparatus.
• Miscellaneous Equipment Allowance. That portion of the GVWR allocated for the weight of miscellaneous equip­ment and its mounting brackets, boards, or trays.
• Momentary Switch. A switch that returns to the neutral position (off) when released. 
• National Hose Thread (NH). A standard screw thread that has dimensions for inside (female) and outside (male) fire hose connections as defined in NFPA 1963.

3.3.73* Net Pump Pressure. The sum of the discharge pres­sure and the suction lift converted to psi or kPa when pumping at draft, or the difference between the discharge pressure and the intake pressure when pumping from a hydrant or other source of water under positive pressure. 

• Nozzle Reaction. Force that occurs when a water stream is discharged from the nozzle.
• NPSH (National Pipe Straight Hose Thread). National pipe straight hose coupling thread as specified in ASME B 1.20.7, Hose Coupling Screw Threads, Inch.
• National Wildfire Coordinating Group.

3.3.77* Off-Road Use Vehicle. A vehicle designed to be used on other than paved or improved roads, especially in areas where no roads, poor roads, and steep grades exist and where natural hazards, such as rocks, stumps, and logs, protrude from the ground.

• Operator’s Panel. A panel containing gauges, switches, instruments, or controls where an operator can visually moni­tor the applicable functions. 
• Optical Center. The point specified by the optical warning device manufacturer of highest intensity when measur­ing the output of an optical warning device. 
• Optical Element. Any individual lamp or other light emitter within an optical source. 
• Optical Power. A unit of measure designated as candela-seconds/minute that combines the flash energy and flash rate of an optical source into one power measurement representing the true visual effectiveness of the emitted light. [1901,20161

3.3.82* Optical Source. Any single, independently mounted, light-emitting component in a lighting system. 

• Optical Warning Device. A manufactured assembly of one or more optical sources. 
• Personal Equipment Weight. A weight allowance for personal gear that is carried on the apparatus by each fire- fighting crew member.
• Powered Equipment Rack. A power-operated device that is intended to provide storage of suction hoses, ground ladders, or other equipment, generally in a location above apparatus compartments.

3.3.86* Preconnected Hose Line. A hose line that is stored on the apparatus already connected to an outlet on a pump and that can be charged by the activation of one discharge valve.

• Proper(ly). In accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications or as recommended by the manufacturer.
• Pounds per square inch.
• Power takeoff. [1901,20161
• Pump Discharge Pressure Classification.
• High Pressure. Pump discharge pressure from 500 psi (3500 kPa) to less than 1100 psi (7600 kPa).
• Normal Pressure. Pump discharge pressure less than 500 psi (3500 kPa).
• Ultra-High Pressure. Pump discharge pressure of 1100 psi (7600 kPa) or greater.
• Pump and Roll. Process of discharging water while the vehicle is in motion.
• Pump Operator’s Panel. The area on a fire apparatus that contains the gauges, controls, and other instruments used for operating the pump.
• Pump Operator’s Position. The location from which the pump operator operates the pump.
• The authority having responsibility for the specification and acceptance of the apparatus.
• Purchasing Authority. The agency that has the sole responsibility and authority for negotiating, placing, and, where necessary, modifying each and every solicitation, purchase order, or other award issued by a governing body. [1901,2016]
• Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and who, by virtue of education, training, experience, or other special attributes possesses expertise regarding a particular subject matter, work, or project.
• Ramp Breakover Angle. The angle measured between two lines tangent to the front and rear tire static loaded radius, and intersecting at a point on the underside of the vehicle that defines the largest ramp over which the vehicle can roll.
• Rated Capacity (Water Pump). The flow rate to which the pump manufacturer certifies compliance of the pump when it is new.
• Readily Accessible. Able to be located, reached, serv­iced, or removed without removing other components or parts of the apparatus and without the need to use special tools to open enclosures.
• Rear Axle Track Width. The lateral distance between the centerlines of the tires at ground; if there are dual rear wheels, the lateral distance from the midway points between the inner and outer tires at ground.
• Removable Winch. A winch with quick disconnects for power and controls that can be temporarily mounted on the apparatus at a permanently installed mounting receiver. [1901,20161
• Reserve Capacity. The ability of a battery to sustain a minimum electrical load in the event of a charging system fail­ure or a prolonged charging system deficit.
• The contents that would go in this section are not applicable to this document, but for consistency with other NFPA documents, the chapter, section, or subsection number is maintained.
• Road Spray Location. Any underbody or underchassis location that is subject to road spray.
• A visual indication whether in pictorial or word format that provides a warning to the operator or other persons near the apparatus.

3.3.106* Slip-On Fire-Fighting Module. A self-contained unit that includes an auxiliary-driven pump, piping, a tank, and hose storage and that is designed to be placed on a truck chas­sis, utility bed, flatbed, or trailer of sufficient carrying capacity.

• Slow-Operating Valve. A valve that has a mechanism to prevent movement of the flow-regulating element from the fully closed position to the fully opened position or vice versa in less than 3 seconds.
• Split Shaft PTO. A power takeoff (PTO) drive system that is inserted between the chassis transmission and the chassis drive axle and that has the shift mechanism necessary to direct the chassis engine power either to the drive axle or to a fire pump or other accessory.
• Standard Cubic Feet per Minute (SCFM). An expres­sion of airflow rate in which the airflow rate is corrected to standard temperature and pressure. Standard temperature is 60°F (15°C) and standard pressure is 14.696 psi (101.33 kPa) or 29.92 in. Hg (760 mm Hg).
• Suction Hose. A hose that is designed to prevent collapse under vacuum conditions so that it can be used for drafting water from below the pump (lakes, rivers, wells, etc.). [1961,20131
• Suction Lift. The sum of the vertical lift and the fric­tion and entrance loss caused by the flow through the intake strainers and hose expressed in feet of water (meters of water) head.
• A recessed area of a tank assembly designed primarily to entrap sludge or debris for removal and to serve as a central liquid collection point.
• Supply Hose. Hose designed for the purpose of moving water between a pressurized water source and a pump that is supplying attack lines. [1961, 2013]
• Swash Partition. A vertical wall within a tank structure designed to control the unwanted movement of the fluid within that tank.
• Any set of contacts that interrupts or controls current flow through an electrical circuit.
• Total Continuous Electrical Load. The total current required to operate all of the devices permanendy connected to the apparatus that can be simultaneously energized exclud­ing intermittent-type loads such as primers and booster reel rewind motors. [ 1901, 2016]
• Tow Vehicle. A motor vehicle used to tow a trailer under emergency response conditions whether the tow vehi­cle-trailer combination is designed to remain together as a single unit or to be separated at the incident to allow the trailer to be used independently of the tow vehicle.
• A vehicle designed to be pulled by a tow vehi­cle and used to transport equipment or other vehicles under emergency response conditions.
• Turning Clearance Radius. One-half the larger of the left or right full circle wall-to-wall turning diameter.
• Ultimate Strength. The strength of a material in tension, compression, or shear, respectively, that is the maxi­mum tensile, compressive, or shear stress that the material can sustain, calculated on the basis of the ultimate load and the original or unrestrained dimensions.
• Unequipped Fire Apparatus. The completed fire apparatus excluding personnel, agent(s), and any equipment removable without the use of tools.
• Vibradon Isolation. Isolation materials used to prevent structure-borne vibrations from reaching attached surfaces.
• Wet Location. A location on fire apparatus subject to saturation with water or other liquids and in unprotected loca­tions exposed to the weather. (See also 3.3.104, Road Spray Loca­tion.)
• Wildland Fire Crew Carrier Apparatus. Fire apparatus designed for transporting 10 or fewer personnel in the cab and crew compartment for the purpose of wildand fire suppression.
• Wildland Fire Pump. A water pump that meets the requirements of Section 16.2 of NFPA 1906.
• Wildland Fire Suppression Apparatus. Afire apparatus designed for fighting wildland fires that is equipped with a pump, a water tank, limited hose and equipment, and pump- and-roll capability.
• Wildland Mobile Water Supply Apparatus (Wildland Water Tender). A fire apparatus designed for transporting water (pickup, transporting, and delivering) and fighting wild- land fires on and off road that is equipped with a wildland fire pump, a water tank with minimum capacity of 1000 gal (4000 L), limited hose and equipment, and pump-and-roll capability.

Chapter 4 General Requirements

•  
• All wildland fire apparatus shall meet the requirements of Chapters 1 through 4 and 12 through 15.
• If a tow vehicle is to respond while calling for right-of- way under emergency conditions, it shall meet the require­ments of 4.1.1. [1901:4.1.21
• Requirements by Apparatus Type. Certain chapters of this standard shall apply to the construction of each listed type of wildland apparatus, as shown in Table 4.2.
• Responsibility of the Purchaser.

4.3.1* It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify the details of the apparatus in addition to the requirements in NFPA 1906 needed by the manufacturer to build the apparatus, including:

• Requirements not uniquely specified in NFPA 1906, such as the type of apparatus desired.
• Any features of the apparatus desired in addition to, or in excess of, the requirements in NFPA 1906.

[1901:4.3.1]

•  
•  
• Legal Requirements. The apparatus shall comply with all applicable federal and state or provincial laws and regulations. [1901:4.61
• Third-Party Certification of Test Results. Where this standard requires the results of tests to be certified by an inde­pendent third-party certification organization, that organiza­tion shall meet the requirements of this section. [1901:4.7]
• All certification shall be performed by a certification organization that is accredited for inspection and testing systems on fire apparatus in accordance with ISO/IEC 17020,

General criteria for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection, or ISO/IEC 17065, Conformity Assessment: Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services. [ 1901:4.7.1 ]

• The certification organization shall not be owned or controlled by manufacturers or vendors of the product that is being tested. [1901:4.7.21
• The certification organization shall be primarily engaged in certification work and shall not have a monetary interest in the product’s ultimate profitability. [1901:4.7.31

4.7.4* The independent third-party organization shall witness all required tests by an in-person representative(s) at the test site or by use of verifiable automated data collection and image recording equipment. The third-party organization shall refuse to certify any test results for a system if all components of that system requiring testing do not pass the testing required by this standard. 11901:4.7.41

4.7.5 There shall be no conditional, temporary, or partial certification of test results. [1901:4.7.51

4.7.6* Forms or data sheets shall be provided and used during the testing. [1901:4.7.61

• Electrical insulation or isolation shall be provided where necessary in order to prevent electrical shock from onboard electrical systems. [1901:4.9.21
• Vehicular workmanship shall ensure an operating envi­ronment free of accessible sharp projections and edges. [1901:4.9.31

4.9.4* Safety signs with text shall conform to the general prin­ciples of ANSI/NEMA Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels. Safety signs without text shall conform to the general principles for two-panel safety signs of ISO 9244, Earth-moving machinery — Machine safety labels — General principles. [1901:4.9.41

• Apparatus built for sale in the United States shall employ safety signage that complies with ANSI/NEMA Z535.4. [1901:4.9.4.1]
• Apparatus built for sale outside the United States shall employ safety signage that complies with either ANSI/NEMA Z535.4 or ISO 9244. [1901:4.9.4.2]

4.9.4.3* Safety signs referenced in this standard beginning with the letters FAMA shall conform to the text and graphics of the referenced safety sign number found in FAMA TC010, Standard Product Safety Sign Catalog for Automotive Fire Apparatus. [1901:4.9.4.31

4.10 Controls and Instructions.

4.10.1 Illumination shall be provided for controls, switches, instruction plates, labels, gauges, and instruments necessary for the operation of the apparatus and the equipment provided on it. [1901:4.10.1]

• If external illumination is provided, it shall be a mini­mum of 5 fc (50 lx) on the face of the device. [1901:4.10.1.11
• If internal illumination is provided, it shall be a mini­mum of 4 foodamberts (14 candela/m²). [1901:4.10.1.21

4.10.2* All required signs, instruction plates, and labels shall be permanent in nature and securely attached and shall meet the requirements of 4.9.4 and ANSI/UL 969, Standard for Mark­ing and Labeling Systems. [1901:4.10.2]

• The signs, instruction plates, and labels shall have resistance to damage from temperatures between -30°F and 176°F (-35°C and 80°C) and exposure to oil, fuel, water, hydraulic fluids, or other fluids used on the apparatus. [1901:4.10.2.1]
• The exterior mounted labels relating to safety or criti­cal operational instructions shall be reflective or illuminated as required by 4.10.1. [ 1901:4.10.2.2]
• The centerline of any gauge or visual display required by this standard shall be no more than 84 in. (2130 mm) above the level where the operator stands to read the instrument. [1901:4.10.31
• The central midpoint or centerline of any control shall be no more than 72 in. (1830 mm) vertically above the ground (with vehicle at estimated in-service weight) or the platform that is designed to serve as the operator’s standing position. [1901:4.10.4]
• Controls Labeling. Where controls will be labeled using graphical symbols, they shall conform to the common graphical symbols found in FAMA TC008, Graphical Symbols for Automotive Fire Apparatus. [ 1901:4.10.51
•  
• Component Protection.

4.12.1* Hydraulic hose lines, air system tubing, control cords, and electrical harnesses shall be mechanically attached to the frame or body structure of the apparatus.

• The type of equipment described in 4.12.1 shall be furnished with protective looms, grommets, or other devices at each point where they pass through body panels or structural members or wherever they lie against a sharp metal edge. [1901:4.12.2]
• A through-the-frame connector shall be permitted to be used in place of metal protective looms or grommets. [1901:4.12.3]
• Vehicle Stability.

4.13.1* Rollover Stability. The apparatus shall meet the crite­ria defined in 4.13.1.1.

4.13.1.1 The apparatus shall meet the criterion defined in either of the following:

• * The apparatus shall remain stable in both directions in accordance with Table 4.13.1.1 when tested on a tilt table in accordance with SAEJ2180, A Tilt Table Procedure for Measuring the Static Rollover Threshold for Heavy Trucks.
• The calculated or measured vertical center of gravity (VCG) divided by the rear axle track width shall not exceed the applicable criterion in Table 4.13.1.1.

• Compliance shall be certified by testing, calculat­ing, or measuring the apparatus or by comparing the apparatus to a compliant, substantially similar example apparatus, and the certification shall be delivered with the fire apparatus.
• The example apparatus shall be considered substantially similar if it includes a chassis with the same or higher center of gravity (CG) height, the same or narrower rear axle track width, the same or greater water tank size and CG height, and the same type of front and rear suspension.
• For purposes of 4.13.1.1, the apparatus shall be loaded with fuel, fire-fighting agents, hose, ladders, a weight of 250 lb (114 kg) in each seating position, and weight equivalent to the miscellaneous equipment allowance as defined in Table 12.1.2. [1901:4.13.1.1.3]
• If the apparatus is designed to meet a specified higher equipment loading (e.g., a larger hose bed capacity) or to carry ground ladders or additional equipment, these greater loads shall be included in the testing, calculating, or measur­ing.
• The weight added to the fire apparatus for the purpose of test, calculation, or measurement shall be distrib­uted to approximate typical in-service use of the fire apparatus

4.13.2.1* When the fire apparatus is loaded to its estimated in- service weight, the front-to-rear weight distribution shall be within the limits set by the chassis manufacturer. [1901:4.13.2.11

4.13.2.2 The front axle loads shall not be less than the mini­mum axle loads specified by the chassis manufacturer, under full load and all other loading conditions. [1901:4.13.2.21

• Load Distribution.

4.13.3.1* The apparatus manufacturer shall calculate the load distribution for the apparatus and that load distribution plan shall be delivered with the fire apparatus. [1901:4.13.3.11

4.13.3.2 The manufacturer shall engineer the fire apparatus to comply with the gross axle weight ratings (GAWR), the over­all gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), and the chassis manu­facturer’s load balance guidelines. [1901:4.13.3.21

4.13.3.3* The fire apparatus, when loaded to its estimated in- service weight, shall have a side-to-side tire load variation of no more than 7 percent of the total tire load for that axle. [1901:4.13.3.3]

4.13.4* Each tire shall be equipped with a visual indicator or monitoring system that indicates tire pressure. [1901:4.13.41

• Fire Apparatus Performance.

4.14.1* The fire apparatus shall meet the requirements of this standard at elevations of 2000 ft (600 m) above sea level. [1901:4.14.11

4.14.2* The fire apparatus shall meet all the requirements of this standard while stationary on a grade of 10 percent in any direction.

4.14.3* The fire apparatus shall meet the requirements of this standard in ambient temperature conditions between 32°F (0°C) and 110°F (43°C). [1901:4.14.3]

• Highway Performance.

4.15.1 The apparatus, when loaded to its estimated in-service weight, shall be capable of the following performance while on dry, paved roads that are in good condition:

• Accelerating from 0 to 35 mph (55 km/hr) within 25 seconds on a 0 percent grade
• * Attaining a speed of 50 mph (80 km/hr) on a 0 percent grade
• * Maintaining a speed of at least 20 mph (32 km/hr) on any grade up to and including 6 percent.

[1901:4.15.1]

4.15.2* The maximum top speed of fire apparatus with a GVWR over 33,000 lb (11,800 kg) shall not exceed 68 mph (105 km/hr) or the manufacturer’s maximum fire service speed rating for the tires installed on the apparatus, whichever is lower.

4.15.3 If the combined water tank and foam agent tank capacities on the fire apparatus exceed 1250 gal (4732 L), or the GVWR of the vehicle is over 50,000 lb (22,680 kg), the maximum top speed of the apparatus shall not exceed either 60 mph (85 km/hr) or the manufacturer’s maximum fire serv­ice speed rating for the tires installed on the apparatus, which­ever is lower. [1901:4.15.3]

4.15.4* The vehicle shall be capable of maneuvering across a 20 percent grade and up and down a 25 percent grade.

4.16.1* The fire apparatus shall be designed so that all the manufacturer’s recommended routine maintenance checks of lubricant and fluid levels can be performed by the operator without lifting the cab of a tilt-cab apparatus and without the needfor hand tools. [1901:4.16.1]

• Where special tools are required for routine service on any component of the apparatus, such tools shall be provided with the apparatus. [1901:4.16.21
• Apparatus components that interfere with repair or removal of other major components shall be attached with fasteners, such as cap screws and nuts, so that the components can be removed and installed with ordinary hand tools. These components shall not be welded or otherwise permanendy secured into place. [1901:4.16.3]
• General Pre-Delivery Tests.
• Each apparatus shall be tested before delivery to verify that it meets the criteria in this section. [1901:4.17.11
• The tests shall be conducted at a location and in a manner that does not violate local, state or provincial, or federal traffic laws. [ 1901:4.11.1 ]
• Tests shall be conducted on a dry, level, paved surface that is free of loose material, oil, or grease. [1901:4.17.1.2]
• Tests shall be conducted with the water and foam tanks full (water or product). [ 1901:4.1.31
• The apparatus shall accelerate from 0 to 35 mph (55 km/hr) within 25 seconds. [1901:4.17.2]
• The apparatus shall attain a speed of 50 mph (80 km/ hr). [1901:4.17.31
• The auxiliary braking system, if so equipped, shall func­tion as intended by the auxiliary braking system manufacturer. [1901:4.17.41

4.17.5* The air service brakes shall bring the apparatus to a complete stop from a speed of 20 mph (32.2 km/hr) in a distance not exceeding 35 ft (10.7 m). [1901:4.17.51

4.17.6 The hydraulic service brakes shall bring the apparatus to a complete stop from a speed of 30 mph (48.2 km/hr) in a distance not exceeding 88 ft (26.8 m). [1901:4.17.61

4.18* Tests on Delivery. If acceptance tests are performed at the point of delivery, the tests shall not be performed in a manner that requires the apparatus or a component to operate outside its designed operating range.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

4.19* Documentation. Any documentation delivered with the apparatus shall be permitted to be in printed format, electronic format, audiovisual format, or a combination thereof. [1901:4.19]

4.20 Data Required of the Contractor.

4.20.1 Fire Apparatus Documentation. The contractor shall supply, at the time of delivery, at least one copy of the following documents:

• The manufacturer’s record of apparatus construction details, including the following information:
  • Owner’s name and address
  • Apparatus manufacturer, model, and serial number
  • Chassis make, model, and serial number
  • GAWR of front and rear axles and GVWR
  • Front tire size and total rated capacity in pounds (kilograms)
  • Rear tire size and total rated capacity in pounds (kilograms)
  • Chassis weight distribution in pounds (kilograms) with water and manufacturer-mounted equipment (front and rear)
  • For each engine: make, model, serial number, rated horsepower and related speed, and governed speed; and if so equipped, engine trans­mission PTO(s) make, model, and gear ratio
  • Type of fuel and fuel tank capacity

(j) Electrical system voltage and alternator output in amps

(k) Battery make, model, and capacity in cold crank­ing amps (CCA) (1) Chassis transmission make, model, and serial number; and if so equipped, chassis transmission PTO(s) make, model, and gear ratio (m) Ratios of all driving axles (n) Maximum governed road speed (o) For each pump: make, model, rated capacity in gallons per minute (liters per minute where appli­cable) , and serial number (p) For each pump transmission: make, model, serial

number, and gear ratio (q) Reserved

(r) Water tank certified capacity in gallons or liters (s) Reserved

(t) Paint manufacturer and paint number(s) (u) Company name and signature of responsible

company representative (v) Weight documents from a certified scale showing actual loading on the front axle, rear axle(s), and overall fire apparatus (with water tank full but without personnel, equipment, and hose)

• Reserved
• Certification of compliance of the optical warning system (see 13.8.16)
• Siren manufacturer’s certification of siren (see 13.9.1.1)
• Written load analysis and results of the electrical system performance tests (see 13.14.1 and Section 13.15)
• Certification of slip resistance of all stepping, standing, and walking surfaces (see 15. 7.4.5)
• The wildland fire pump manufacturer’s certification of suction capability (see 16.2.4.1)
• If special conditions are specified by the purchaser of the wildland fire pump, the pump manufacturer’s certifi­cation of suction capacity under the special conditions (see 16.2.4.2)

(9) A copy of the apparatus manufacturer’s approval for stationary pumping applications of the wildland fire pump (see 16.3.1)

• Reserved
• For each pump, the pump manufacturer’s certification of the hydrostatic test (see 16.5.2.2)
• For each pump, the certification of inspection and test for the pump (see 16.13.1.2.4)
• Reserved
• The certification of water tank capacity (see Section 18.6)
• Reserved
• Reserved
• If the apparatus has a foam proportioning system, the foam proportioning system manufacturer’s certification of accuracy (see 20.10.4.2) and the final installer’s certifi­cation that the foam proportioning system meets this standard (see 20.11.2)
• If the system has a CAFS, the documentation of the manufacturer’s predelivery tests (see Section 21.9)
• If the apparatus has a line voltage power source, the certification of the test for the power source (see NFPA1901)
• If the apparatus is equipped with an air system, air tank certificates (see NFPA 1901, 24.5.1.2), the SCBA fill station certification (see NFPA 1901, 24.9.7), and the results of the testing of the air system installation (see NFPA 1901, 24.14.5 and NFPA 1901, 24.15.4)
• Certification of vehicle side slope stability, including the weight distribution assumed for the calculations or as loaded on the vehicle for the tilt table test (see 4.9.1)
• Any other required manufacturer test data or reports

4.20.2 Operations and Service Documentation.

• The contractor shall deliver with the fire apparatus at least two sets of complete operation and service documentation covering the completed apparatus as delivered and accepted. [1901:4.20.2.1]
• The documentation shall address at least the inspec­tion, service, and operations of the fire apparatus and all major components thereof. [1901:4.20.2.21
• The contractor shall also provide the following docu­mentation for the entire apparatus and each major operating system or major component of the apparatus:
  • Manufacturer’s name and address
  • Coun try of manufacture
  • Source for service and technical information
  • Parts replacement information
  • Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the chassis and pump
  • Wiring diagrams for low-voltage and line voltage systems to include the following information:
    • Pictorial representations of circuit logic for all elec­trical components and wring
    • Circuit identification
    • Connector pin identification
    • Zone location of electrical components
    • Safety interlocks
    • Alternator-battery power distribution circuits
    • * Input/output assignment sheets or equivalent circuit logic implemented in multiplexing systems
  • Lubrication charts
  • Operating instructions for the chassis and any major components such as the pump, and any auxiliary systems
  • Reserved
  • Instructions regarding the frequency and procedure for recommended maintenance
  • Overall apparatus operating instructions
  • Safety considerations
  • Limitations of use
  • Inspection procedures
  • Recommended service procedures
  • Troubleshooting guide
  • Apparatus body, chassis, and other component manufac­turer’s warranties
  • Special data required by this standard
  • A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for any fluid that is specified for use on the apparatus

4.20.2.4* The contractor shall deliver with the apparatus all manufacturers’ operations and service documents supplied with components and equipment that are installed or supplied by the contractor. [1901:4.20.2.41

4.21 Statement of Exceptions. The entity responsible for final assembly of the apparatus shall deliver with the fire apparatus either a certification that the apparatus fully complies with all requirements of this standard or, alternatively, a Statement of Exceptions specifically describing each aspect of the completed apparatus that is not fully compliant with the requirements of this standard at the time of delivery. [1901:4.211

• The Statement of Exceptions shall contain, for each noncompliant aspect of the apparatus or missing required item, the following information:
  • A separate specification of the section of the applicable standard for which compliance is lacking
  • A description of the particular aspect of the apparatus that is not in compliance therewith or required equip­ment that is missing
  • A description of the further changes or modifications to the delivered apparatus that must be completed to achieve full compliance
  • Identification of the entity that will be responsible for making the necessary postdelivery changes or modifica­tions or for supplying and installing any missing required equipment to the apparatus to achieve full compliance with this standard

• Prior to, or at the time of, delivery of the apparatus, the Statement of Exceptions shall be signed by an authorized agent of the entity responsible for final assembly of the apparatus and by an authorized agent of the purchasing entity, indicating mutual understanding and agreement between the parties regarding the substance thereof. [1901:4.21.21

4.21.3* An apparatus that is delivered subject to a Statement of Exceptions shall be recognized as noncompliant by the purchaser. The purchaser either accepts the vehicle as noncompliant or accepts responsibility that the apparatus will not be placed in emergency service until the apparatus has been modified as necessary to be in full compliance with this standard.

Chapter 5 Wildland Eire Suppression Apparatus

• If the apparatus is to function as a wildland fire suppression apparatus, it shall meet the requirements of this chapter.
• The apparatus shall be equipped with a pump for wildland fire fighting that meets the requirements of Chap­ter 16 or a fire pump that meets the requirements of NFPA 1901.
•  
• Water Tank. The apparatus shall be equipped with a water tank(s) that meets the requirements of Chapter 18 and that has a minimum certified capacity (combined, if applicable) of 150 gal (600 L).

5.5* Equipment Storage. A minimum volume as shown in Table 5.5 of enclosed weather-resistant compartmentation that meets the requirements of Section 15.1 shall be provided for the storage of equipment.

5.6* Hose Storage. If the apparatus is equipped with a dedi­cated hose storage area(s), such area(s) shall comply with Section 15.10.

5.7 Equipment.

5.7.1 The following equipment shall be furnished by the contractor:

• * Two solid bottom wheel chocks, mounted in readily acces­sible locations, each designed to hold the apparatus, when loaded to its GVWR, on a 15 percent grade with the transmission in neutral and the parking brake released
• One set of tire tools, including a jack and a lug wrench, if a spare tire is carried on the apparatus

5.7.2* The following additional equipment shall be carried on the apparatus:

• One of the following traffic warning devices:
  • Five fluorescent orange traffic cones not less than 28 in. (711 mm) in height, each equipped with a 6 in. (152 mm) retroreflective white band no more than 4 in. (102 mm) from the top of the cone, and an additional 4 in. (102 mm) retroreflective white band 2 in. (51 mm) below the 6 in. (152 mm) band
  • One reflective triangle kit
• Five illuminated warning devices such as highway flares, unless the traffic cones or reflective triangles specified in 5.7.2(1) have illuminating capabilities

Chassis GVWR                                     Storage Area

WILDLAND FIRE SUPPRESSION APPARATUS

• One traffic vest for each seating position, each vest to comply with ANSI/ISEA 207, Standard for High-Visibility Public Safety Vests, and to have a five-point breakaway feature that includes two at the shoulders, two at the sides, and one at the front

• One approved, dry chemical portable fire extinguisher with a minimum capacity in accordance with the follow­ing:
  • For a GVWR below 33,000 lb (15,000 kg), a 2A-10- B:C extinguisher
  • For a GVWR 33,000 lb (15,000 kg) and above, a 3A-40-B:C extinguisher
• One first-aid kit

5.7.3 A detailed list of who is to furnish the items and the method for orgainizing and mounting these items shall be supplied by the purchasing authority.

Chapter 6 Reserved

Chapter 7 Wildland Mobile Water Supply Fire Apparatus

7.1* General. If the apparatus is to function as a wildland mobile water supply apparatus, it shall meet the requirements of this chapter.

• The apparatus shall be equipped with a pump for wildland fire fighting that meets the requirements of Chap­ter 16 or a fire pump that meets the requirements of NFPA 1901.
•  
• Water Tank. The apparatus shall be equipped with a water tank(s) that meets the requirements of Chapter 18 and that has a minimum certified capacity (combined, if applicable) of 1000 gal (4000 L).

7.5* Equipment Storage. A minimum of 20 ft³ (0.57 m³) of enclosed weather-resistant compartmentation that meets the requirements of Section 15.1 shall be provided for the storage of equipment.

7.6* Hose Storage.

7.6.1* The apparatus shall be equipped with a hose storage area that complies with Section 15.10.

7.6.2 Storage shall be provided to accommodate a minimum of 20 ft (6 m) of suction hose and 15 ft (4.5 m) of supply hose.

7.7 Equipment.

7.7.1 The following equipment shall be furnished by the contractor:

• * Two solid bottom wheel chocks, mounted in readily acces­sible locations, each designed to hold the apparatus, when loaded to its GVWR, on a 15 percent grade with the transmission in neutral and the parking brake released
• One set of tire tools, including a jack and a lug wrench, if a spare tire is carried on the apparatus

7.7.2* The following additional equipment shall be carried on the apparatus:

(1) One of the following traffic warning devices:

(a) Five fluorescent orange traffic cones not less than 28 in. (711 mm) in height, each equipped with a 6 in. (152 mm) retroreflective white band no more than 4 in. (102 mm) from the top of the cone, and an additional 4 in. (102 mm) retroreflective white band 2 in. (51 mm) below the 6 in. (152 mm) band

(b) One reflective triangle kit

• Five illuminated warning devices such as highway flares, unless the traffic cones or reflective triangles specified in 7.7.2(1) have illuminating capabilities
• One traffic vest for each seating position, each vest to comply with ANSI/ISEA 207, Standard for High-Visibility Public Safety Vests, and to have a five-point breakaway feature that includes two at the shoulders, two at the sides, and one at the front
• One approved, dry chemical portable fire extinguisher with a minimum capacity in accordance with the follow­ing:
  • For a GVWR below 33,000 lb (15,000 kg), a 2A-10- B:C extinguisher
  • For a GVWR 33,000 lb (15,000 kg) and above, a 3A-40-B:C extinguisher
• One first-aid kit

7.7.3 A detailed list of who is to furnish the items and the method for organizing and mounting these items shall be supplied by the purchasing authority.

Chapter 8 Reserved Chapter 9 Reserved

Chapter 10 Wildland Fire Crew Carrier Apparatus

10.1.1 If the apparatus is to function as a wildand fire crew carrier apparatus, it shall meet the requirements of this chap­ter.

• The following equipment shall be furnished by the contractor:
  • * Two solid-bottom wheel chocks, mounted in readily acces­sible locations, each designed to hold the apparatus loaded to its GVWR, on a 15 percent grade, with the transmission in neutral, and the parking brake released
  • One set of tire tools, including a jack and a lug wrench, if a spare tire is carried on the apparatus
• The following additional equipment shall be carried on the apparatus:
  • One of the following traffic warning devices:
    • Five fluorescent orange traffic cones not less than 28 in. (711 mm) in height, each equipped with a 6 in. (152 mm) retroreflective white band no more than 4 in. (102 mm) from the top of the cone, and an additional 4 in. (102 mm) retroreflective white band 2 in. (51 mm) below the 6 in. (152 mm) band
    • One reflective triangle kit
  • Five illuminated warning devices, such as highway flares, unless the traffic cones or reflective triangles specified in 10.2.2(l)have illuminating capabilities
  • For each seating position, a traffic vest that complies with ANSI/ISEA 207, Standard for High-Visibility Public Safety Vests, and has a five-point breakaway feature that includes two at the shoulders, two at the sides, and one at the front

10.4.3.3 No structural damage to any load bearing or support­ing members (e.g., torn or broken material, broken welds, popped or sheared body rivets, bolts, and/or fasteners) shall be evident during the application of the force and after the release of the force. 

10.4.4 Test Method — Side Loading.

• The following steps shall be performed during the side crush test:
  • Place either side of the body of the crew carrier on a rigid horizontal surface so that the body of the crew compartment is entirely supported.
  • Measure and record the distance from the mounting surface to each of the four top corners of the body side.
  • Employ a rigid, rectangular force application plate fitted as near as possible to the contour of the crew compart­ment side.
  • Position the force application plate so that it is centered on the crew compartment side.
  • Close all crew compartment doors.
  • Load the application plate to 500 lb (227 kg) at a deflec­tion rate less than 0.5 in. (13 mm) per second.
  • Record elevation readings of all four corners of the body side.
  • Load the application plate to 50 percent of the final load at a deflection rate less than 0.5 in. (13 mm) per second.
  • Record elevation readings of all four corners of the body side.
  • Load the application plate to 100 percent of the final load at a deflection rate less than 0.5 in. (13 mm) per second.
  • Record elevation readings of all four corners of the body side.
  • Verify that rear exterior doors and any emergency roof escape hatches remain closed during the application of the load and are capable of being opened and closed.
  • Remove load.
  • Verify that rear exterior doors and any emergency roof escape hatches remain closed after the application of the load and are capable of being opened and closed.
• The application plate required in 10.4.4.1(3) shall be a minimum of 5 in. (127 mm) longer and 5 in. (127 mm) wider than the vehicle side of the crew’s compartment.

10.5 Crew Compartment Entry Doors.

• The crew compartment shall be equipped with at least one primary access door opening with minimum dimensions of 28. in (710 mm) wide by 60 in. (1500 mm) high.
• Door handles shall be designed and installed to protect against accidental or inadvertent opening. [1917:6.9.21
• Entry doors and door openings shall be designed to minimize inadvertent snagging of apparel. [1917:6.9.31
• When doors are open, the hinges and latches shall not protrude into the access area. [1917:6.9.51
• Doors shall be equipped with a hold-open device. [1917:6.9.61
• One externally operated lock for each door opening shall be provided. [1917:6.9.71
• An internal lock on each crew compartment primary entry door shall be provided.
• All crew compartment entry door locks shall be identi­cally keyed.
• Doors shall be equipped with not less than 250 in.² (160,000 mm²) of safety glass area per door.
• Doors and windows shall be designed to prevent leak­age of exhaust fumes, dust, water, and air into the crew compartment.
  • Crew Compartment Body Means of Escape.
    • The crew compartment area shall have a minimum of four means of escape with at least one on the left side, right side, roof, and rear of the crew compartment.
  • Crew Compartment Seats. 10.7.1* All seats shall face fore or aft.
• SCBA Storage. SCBA packs shall not be stored in the seat backs of seats in the crew compartment.
  • Crew Compartment Seat Head Height. The minimum vertical dimension from the seat H-point shall be 40 in. (1016 mm) to the ceiling for each belted seating position.

Chapter 11 Reserved

Chapter 12 Chassis and Vehicle Components

12.1* Carrying Capacity. The GAWR or GVWR of the chassis shall be adequate to carry the weight of the fire apparatus when loaded to its estimated in-service weight as defined in 12.1.2.

• The manufacturer shall establish the estimated in- service weight during the design of the fire apparatus. [1901:12.1.11
• The estimated in-service weight shall include the following:
  • Chassis, body, and tank(s)
  • Full fuel, lubricant, and other chassis or component fluid tanks or reservoirs
  • Full water and other agent tanks, if equipped
  • * 250 lb (114 kg) in each seating position
  • * Fixed equipment such as pumps, generators, reels, and air systems as installed
  • Ground ladders, suction hose, designed hose load in their hose beds and on their reels
  • * An allowance for miscellaneous equipment that is at least as great as the values shown in Table 12.1.2
  • * If the apparatus is designed to accommodate SCBA, an additional 25 lb (11.4 kg) per seating position to the miscellaneous equipment allowance.
• The manufacturer shall engineer and design the fire apparatus such that the completed apparatus, when loaded to its estimated in-service weight, with all movable weights distrib­uted as close as is practical to their intended in-service configu­ration, does not exceed the GVWR. [1901:12.1.31

12.1.4* A final manufacturer’s certification of the GVWR or GCWR, along with a certification of the GAWR, shall be supplied on a label affixed to the vehicle. [1901:12.1.41

• Air-conditioning lubrication oil
• Power steering fluid
• Cab tilt mechanism fluid
• Transfer case fluid
• Equipment rack fluid
• CAFS air compressor system lubricant
• Generator system lubricant
• * Front tire cold pressure
• * Rear tire cold pressure
• Maximum tire speed ratings 

12.2.4* Air Intake System.

12.2.4.1* An air filter shall be provided in the engine’s air intake system. [1901:12.2.4.11

12.2.4.2 Air inlet restrictions shall not exceed the engine manufacturer’s recommendations. [1901:12.2.4.21

12.2.4.3* The air inlet shall be equipped with a means of sepa­rating water and burning embers from the air intake system. [1901:12.2.4.31

• The requirement in 12.2.4.3 shall be permitted to be achieved by either of the following methods:
  • Provision of a device such that burning particulate matter larger than 0.039 in. (1.0 mm) in diameter cannot reach the air filter element
  • Provision of a multiscreen ember separator capable of meeting the test requirements defined in the Parker Hannafin, Racor Division, publication LF 1093-90, Ember Separation Test Procedure, or an equivalent test

• An air restriction indicator shall be mounted in the driving compartment and visible to the driver. [1901:12.2.4.51

12.2.5 Fuel System.

12.2.5.1 Diesel Engines.

12.2.5.1.1* The fuel supply lines and fuel filters shall meet the engine manufacturer’s recommendations. [1901:12.2.5.1.11

• The filters or strainers shall be of a serviceable type and mounted in an accessible location. [1901:12.2.5.1.21
• Where two or more fuel lines are installed, separate fuel pumps operating in parallel with check valves and filtering devices shall be provided. [1901:12.2.5.1.31
• The fuel line(s) shall be located or protected so as not to be subjected to excessive heating from any portion of an exhaust system. [1901:12.2.5.1.41
• The line(s) shall be protected from mechanical damage. [1901:12.2.5.1.5]
• Electric Fuel Priming System.

12.2.5.1.6.1* Where an electric fuel priming system is furnished, the valving and piping shall be arranged so that the priming system can be operated only to reprime the fuel system. [1901:12.2.5.1.6.1]

12.2.5.1.6.2 When the priming system is not being intention­ally operated, it shall be isolated from the fuel system and inop­erable. [1901:12.2.5.1.6.21 12.2.5.1.6.3 The priming system shall be marked with a label to indicate proper operation. 

12.2.5.2 Gasoline Engines.

• Fuel lines and filters or strainers that meet the engine manufacturer’s recommendations shall be provided. [1901:12.2.5.2.1]
• The filters or strainers shall be of a serviceable type and mounted in an accessible location. [1901:12.2.5.2.2]
• Where two or more fuel lines are installed, separate fuel pumps operating in parallel with check valves and filtering devices shall be provided. [1901:12.2.5.2.3]
• The fuel line(s) shall be located or protected so as not to be subjected to excessive heating from any portion of an exhaust system. [1901:12.2.5.2.4]
• The line(s) shall be protected from mechanical damage. [1901:12.2.5.2.5]
• A gasoline feed system shall include an electric- powered fuel pump located within or adjacent to the fuel tank. 11901:12.2.5.2.61

12.2.6 Exhaust System.

12.2.6.1* The exhaust piping and discharge outlet shall be located or shielded so as not to expose any portion of the appa­ratus or equipment to excessive heating. [1901:12.2.6.11

• Exhaust pipe discharge shall be directed away from the pump operator’s position. [1901:12.2.6.21
•  
• Silencing devices shall be provided. [1901:12.2.6.4]
• Exhaust backpressure shall not exceed the limits specified by the engine manufacturer. [1901:12.2.6.51
• Where parts of the exhaust system are exposed so that they are likely to cause injury to operating personnel, protective guards shall be provided. [1901:12.2.6.6]

12.2.6.7* Diesel Particulate Filter. If the apparatus is driven by a diesel engine equipped with a cliesel particulate filter (DPF), the requirements of 12.2.6.7.1 through 12.2.6.7.6 shall apply. [1901:12.2.6.71

• The regeneration process shall be activated by two methods:
  • * Automatically by the engine system but only when the transmission is in gear and the speedometer indicates a speed above 5 mph (8 km/hr), whether the apparatus is in motion or is operating in stationary pump mode with an engine rpm sufficient to register 5 mph (8 km/hr) on the speedometer
  • Manually when initiated by activation of a switch located in the driver’s area of the driving compartment

• Instructions for initiating the manual regeneration process shall be explained in the apparatus operator’s manual. 11901:12.2.6.7.2]

12.2.6.7.3* A switch shall be provided at the driver’s area that will inhibit DPF regeneration until the switch is reset or the engine is shut down and restarted. [1901:12.2.6.7.31 12.3.5* Tow Hooks. Front and rear tow hooks or tow eyes shall be attached to the frame structure to allow towing (not lifting) of the apparatus without damage. [1901:12.3.51

12.3.6 Towing Capability. If the apparatus is equipped for towing a trailer, the provisions of 12.3.6.1 through 12.3.6.5 shall apply. 11901:12.3.61

• For hydraulic brake-equipped,electric brake-equip- ped,or non-brake-equipped trailer towing capability, a primary electrical receptacle shall be provided near the hitch point and shall match the umbilical cable specified in 26.10.4.5 of NFPA 1901. 
• For air brake-equipped trailer towing capability, the following shall apply:
  • A primary electrical receptacle shall be provided near the hitch point and shall match the umbilical cable specified in 26.10.4.4 of NFPA 1901.
  • Gladhands shall be provided for air brake connections. [1901:12.3.6.21
• An auxiliary electrical receptacle shall be provided near the hitch point and shall match the umbilical cable speci­fied in 26.10.4.6 of NFPA 1901. [1901:12.3.6.3]
• A label shall be provided in a location in which it is visible to an operator making trailer connections. The label shall state the maximum GVWR and tongue weight of the trailer that can be safely towed with the hitch system. [1901:12.3.6.41
• Two safety chain attachment points shall be provided near the hitch point for hitches designed to use safety chains, each designed with an ultimate strength of not less than the maximum GVWR specified on the label required in 12.3.6.4. 

Chapter 13 Low-Voltage Electrical Systems and Warning Devices

13.1* General. Any low-voltage electrical systems or warning devices installed on the fire apparatus shall be appropriate for the mounting location and intended electrical load and shall meet the specific requirements of Chapter 13. [1901:13.11

13.2 Wiring. All electrical circuit feeder wiring supplied and installed by the fire apparatus manufacturer shall meet the requirements of 13.2.1 through 13.2.8. [1901:13.2]

13.2.1* The circuit feeder wire shall be stranded copper or copper alloy conductors of a gauge rated to carry 125 percent of the maximum current for which the circuit is protected. [1901:13.2.1]

• Voltage drops in all wiring from the power source to the using device shall not exceed 10 percent. [1901:13.2.1.11
• The use of star washers for circuit ground connec­tions shall not be permitted. [1901:13.2.1.2]
• All circuits shall otherwise be wired in conformance with SAEJ2202, Heavy-Duty Wiring Systems for On Highway Trucks.

13.2.2 Wiring and Wire Harness Construction.

13.2.2.1 All insulated wire and cable shall conform to SAE J1127, Low Voltage Battery Cable, or SAE J1128, Low Voltage Primary Cable, type SXL, GXL, or TXL. [190i:13.2.2.11

• All conductors shall be constructed in accordance with SAE J1127 or SAE J1128, except where good engineering practice dictates special strand construction. [1901:13.2.2.1.11
• Conductor materials and stranding, other than copper, shall be permitted if all applicable requirements for physical, electrical, and environmental conditions are met as dictated by the end application. [1901:13.2.2.1.21
• Physical and dimensional values of conductor insu­lation shall be in conformance with the requirements of SAE J1127 or SAE J1128, except where good engineering practice dictates special conductor insulation. [1901:13.2.2.1.31

13.2.2.2 The overall covering of conductors shall be moisture- resistant loom or braid that has a minimum continuous rating of 194°F (90°C) except where good engineering practice dictates special consideration for loom installations exposed to higher temperatures. [1901:13.2.2.21

• The overall covering of jacketed cables shall be mois­ture resistant and have a minimum continuous temperature rating of 194°F (90°C), except where good engineering prac­tice dictates special consideration for cable installations exposed to higher temperatures. [1901:13.2.31
• All wiring connections and terminations shall use a method that provides a positive mechanical and electrical connection. [1901:13.2.41
• The wiring connections and terminations shall be installed in accordance with the device manufacturer’s instruc­tions. [1901:13.2.4.1]
• All ungrounded electrical terminals shall have protec­tive covers or be in enclosures. [1901:13.2.4.2]
• Wire nut, insulation displacement, and insulation piercing connections shall not be used. [1901:13.2.4.31
• Wiring shall be restrained to prevent damage caused by chafing or ice buildup, and protected against heat, liquid contaminants, or other environmental factors. [1901:13.2.51

13.2.6* Wiring shall be uniquely identified at least every 2 ft (0.6 m) by color coding or permanent marking with a circuit function code. The identification shall reference a wiring diagram. [See 4.20.2.3(6).] [1901:13.2.61

13.2.7 Circuits shall be provided with properly rated low volt­age overcurrent protective devices. [1901:13.2.7]

• Such devices shall be readily accessible and protected against heat in excess of the overcurrent device’s design range, mechanical damage, and water spray. [1901:13.2.7.11
• Circuit protection shall be accomplished by utilizing fuses, circuit breakers, fusible links, or solid state equivalent devices. [1901:13.2.7.21
• If a mechanical-type device is used, it shall conform to one of the following SAE standards:
  • SAE J156, Fusible Links
  • SAEJ553, Circuit Breakers
  • SAEJ554, Electric Fuses (Cartridge Type)
  • SAE J1888, High Current Time Lag Electric Fuses
  • SAE J2077, Miniature Blade Type Electrical Fuses 

13.2.8 Switches, relays, terminals, and connectors shall have a direct current (dc) rating of 125 percent of maximum current for which the circuit is protected. [1901:13.2.81

13.3 Power Supply.

13.3.1 A 12 V or greater electrical alternator shall be provi­ded. [1901:13.3.11

13.3.2* The alternator shall have a minimum output at idle to meet the minimum continuous electrical load of the fire appa­ratus as defined in 13.3.3, at 200°F (93°C) ambient tempera­ture within the engine compartment, and shall be provided with full automatic regulation. [1901:13.3.21

13.3.3 Minimum Continuous Electrical Load. The minimum continuous electrical load shall consist of the total amperage required to simultaneously operate the following in a stationary mode during emergency operations:

• The propulsion engine and transmission
• All legally required clearance and marker lights, head­lights, and other electrical devices except windshield wipers and four-way hazard flashers
• The radio(s) at a duty cycle of 10 percent transmit and 90 percent receive (for calculation and testing purposes, a default value of 5 A continuous)
• The lighting necessary to produce 5 fc (50 lx) of illumina­tion on all control and instrument panels
• The minimum optical warning system required in Section 13.8, where the apparatus is designed to call for or block the right-of-way
• The continuous electrical current required to simultane­ously operate any water pumps and hydraulic pumps
• * Other warning devices and electrical loads that are desig­nated as critical to the mission of the apparatus

13.3.4* The condition of the low-voltage electrical system shall be monitored by a warning system that provides both an audi­ble and a visual signal to persons on, in, or near the apparatus of an impending electrical system failure caused by the exces­sive discharge of the battery set. [1901:13.3.41

• The charge status of the battery shall be determined either by direct measurement of the battery charge or indi- recdy by monitoring the electrical system voltage. [1901:13.3.4.1]
• If electrical system voltage is monitored, the alarm shall sound if the system voltage at the battery drops below 11.8 V for 12 V nominal systems, 23.6 V for 24 V nominal systems, or 35.4 V for 42 V nominal systems for more than 120 seconds.
• A voltmeter shall be mounted on the driver’s instru­ment panel to allow direct observation of the system voltage. [1901:13.3.5]
• Load Management.

13.3.6.1* If the total continuous electrical load exceeds the minimum continuous electrical output rating of the installed alternator(s) operating under the conditions specified in 13.3.2, an automatic electrical load management system shall be required. [1901:13.3.6.1]

13.3.6.2 The minimum continuous electrical loads defined in 13.3.3 shall not be subject to automatic load management. [1901:13.3.6.2]

13.4* Batteries.

• Batteries shall be of the high-cycle type. [1901:13.4.11
• With the engine off, the battery system shall be able to provide the minimum continuous electrical load for 10 minutes without discharging more than 50 percent of the reserve capacity and then to restart the engine. [1901:13.4.21
• The battery system cold cranking amps (CCA) rating shall meet or exceed the minimum CCA recommendations of the engine manufacturer. [1901:13.4.3]
• The batteries shall be mounted to prevent movement during fire apparatus operation and shall be protected against accumulations of road spray, snow, and road debris. [1901:13.4.41
• The batteries shall be readily accessible for examina­tion, testing, and maintenance. [1901:13.4.4.1]
• A means shall be provided for jump-starting the engine if the batteries are not accessible without lifting the cab of a tilt-cab apparatus. [1901:13.4.4.21
• Where an enclosed battery compartment is provided, it shall be ventilated to the exterior to prevent the buildup of heat and explosive fumes. [1901:13.4.4.31

13.4.4.4* The batteries shall be protected against vibration and temperatures that exceed the battery manufacturer’s recommendation. [1901:13.4.4.41

13.4.5* If an onboard conditioner or charger is supplied, the associated line voltage electrical power system shall be installed in accordance with Chapter 22 of NFPA 1901.

13.4.6* One of the following master disconnect switches shall be provided:

• A master body disconnect switch that disconnects all elec­trical loads not provided by the chassis manufacturer
• A master load disconnect switch that disconnects all elec­trical loads on the apparatus except the starter
• The starter solenoids shall be connected direcdy to the batteries. [1901:13.4.6.1]
• Electronic control systems and similar devices shall be permitted to be otherwise connected if so specified by their manufacturer. [1901:13.4.6.2]
• The alternator shall be wired direcdy to the batteries through the ammeter shunt(s), if one is provided, and not through the master disconnect switch. [1901:13.4.6.31

13.4.6.4* A green “master disconnect on” indicator that is visi­ble from the driver’s position shall be provided. [1901:13.4.6.4]

13.4.6.5 Rechargeable handlights, radios, and other similar devices shall be permitted to be connected to the electrical system ahead of the master load disconnect switch. [1901:13.4.6.5]

13.4.7* A sequential switching device shall be permitted to energize the optical warning devices required in 13.3.3 and other high current devices, provided the switching device shall first energize the electrical devices required in 13.3.3 within 5 seconds. [1901:13.4.71 13.8.11.2 The flasher of any current-interrupted flashing device shall otherwise meet the requirements of SAE J1690, Flashers. [1901:13.8.11.21

13.8.12* Color of Warning Lights.

• Permissible colors or combinations of colors in each zone, within the constraints imposed by applicable laws and regulations, shall be as shown in Table 13.8.12.1. [1901:13.8.12.11
• All colors shall be as specified in SAE J578, Color Specification, for red, blue, yellow, or white. [1901:13.8.12.2]

13.8.13* Requirements for Large Apparatus.

• If the apparatus has a bumper-to-bumper length of 25 ft (7.6 m) or more or has an optical center on any optical warning device greater than 8 ft (2.4 m) above level ground, the requirements of 13.8.13.2 through 13.8.13.6 shall apply. [1901:13.8.13.1]
• Upper-Level Optical Warning Devices.
• The upper-level optical warning devices shall be mounted as high and as close to the corner points of the appa­ratus as is practical to define the clearance lines of the appara­tus. [1901:13.8.13.2.11
• The upper-level optical warning devices shall not be mounted above the maximum height, specified by the device manufacturer, that gives an intensity value at 4 ft (1.2 m) above level ground and at 100 ft (30.5 m) from the optical warning device of less than 50 percent of that required at the optical center. [1901:13.8.13.2.2]
• Lower-Level Optical Warning Devices.
• To define the clearance lines of the apparatus, the optical center of the lower-level optical warning devices in the front of the vehicle shall be mounted on or forward of the front axle centerline and as close to the front corner points of the apparatus as is practical. [1901:13.8.13.3.1]
• The optical center of the lower-level optical warn­ing devices at the rear of the vehicle shall be mounted on or behind the rear axle centerline and as close to the rear corners of the apparatus as is practical. [1901:13.8.13.3.2]
• The optical center of any lower-level device shall be between 18 in. and 62 in. (460 mm and 1600 mm) above level ground. [1901:13.8.13.3.31
• Midship Optical Warning Devices.

13.8.13.4.1 A midship optical warning device shall be moun­ted on both the right and left sides of the apparatus if the distance between the front and rear lower-level optical devices exceeds 25 ft (7.6 m) at the optical center. [1901:13.8.13.4.1]

• Additional midship optical warning devices shall be required, where necessary, to maintain a horizontal distance between the centers of adjacent lower-level optical warning devices of 25 ft (7.6 m) or less. [1901:13.8.13.4.2]
• The optical center of any midship mounted opti­cal warning device shall be between 18 in. and 62 in. (460 mm and 1600 mm) above level ground. [1901:13.8.13.4.31

13.8.13.5* For each operating mode, the combined optical power of all the optical sources shall meet or exceed the zone total optical power requirements shown in Table 13.8.13.5. [1901:13.8.13.51

13.8.13.6 No individual measurement point shall be less than that shown in Table 13.8.13.5. [1901:13.8.13.61

13.8.14* Requirements for Small Apparatus.

• If the apparatus has a bumper-to-bumper length of less than 25 ft (7.6 m) and has the optical center of all optical warning devices at 8 ft (2.4 m) or less above level ground, the requirements of 13.8.14.2 through 13.8.14.5 shall apply. [1901:13.8.14.1]
• Upper-Level Optical Warning Devices.
• The upper-level optical warning devices shall be mounted as high as practical, but not over 8 ft (2.4 m), at the optical center. 11901:13.8.14.2.1]
• The upper-level optical warning devices shall be permitted to be combined in one or more enclosures and shall be permitted to be mounted on the cab roof or any other convenient point. [1901:13.8.14.2.2]
• Lower-Level Optical Warning Devices.
• One or more lower-level optical warning devices shall be visible from the front and the side of the apparatus. [1901:13.8.14.3.1]
• The optical center of the lower-level optical warn­ing devices in the front of the vehicle shall be mounted on or forward of the front wheel centerline and as close to the front corner points of the apparatus as is practical. [1901:13.8.14.3.21
• The optical center of the device(s) shall be between 18 in. and 48 in. (460 mm and 1220 mm) above level ground. [1901:13.8.14.3.31
• For each operating mode, the combined optical power of all the optical sources mounted on both the upper and lower levels shall meet or exceed the zone’s total optical power requirements shown in Table 13.8.14.4. [1901:13.8.14.41
• No individual measurement point shall be less than that shown in Table 13.8.14.4. [1901:13.8.14.51

13.8.15 Tests of Optical Warning Devices.

13.8.15.1 Mechanical and Environmental Tests.

13.8.15.1.1 All optical warning devices shall be tested to the requirements of SAE J595, Directional Flashing Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, SAEJ845, Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Main­tenance, and Service Vehicles-, or SAE J1889, L.E.D. Signal and MaiMng Lighting Devices. [1901:13.8.15.1.1] 13.12* Backup Alarm. An electric or electronic backup alarm shall be provided that meets the Type D (87 dBA) require­ments of SAE J994, Alarm — Backup — Electric, Laboratory Performance Testing. [ 1901:13.121

• Stop, Tail, and Directional Lights.
• The apparatus shall be equipped with all legally required stop, tail, and directional lights. [1901:13.13.11
• Directional lights shall be visible from the front, sides, and rear of the apparatus. [1901:13.13.2]
• On apparatus 30 ft (10 m) or longer in length, a turn signal shall be mounted approximately midway along the appa­ratus at approximately running board height. [1901:13.13.3]
• Equipment shall not be mounted in a manner that obscures the stop, tail, or directional lights. [1901:13.13.4]
• Electrical System Performance Tests.

13.14.1* The fire apparatus low-voltage electrical system shall be tested as required by Section 13.14 and its subsections.

• The test results shall be certified by the apparatus manufacturer.
• The certification shall be delivered with the appara­tus.
• Tests shall be performed when the air temperature is between 0°F and 110°F (E18°C and 43°C). [1901:13.14.21
• Test Sequence.
• The three tests defined in 13.14.3.2 through 13.14.3.4 shall be performed in the order in which they appear. [1901:13.14.3.1]
• Before each test, the batteries shall be fully charged until the voltage stabilizes at the voltage regulator set point and the lowest charge current is maintained for 10 minutes. [1901:13.14.3.1.1]
• Failure of any of these tests shall require a repeat of the sequence. [1901:13.14.3.1.21
• Reserve Capacity Test.
• The engine shall be started and kept running until the engine and engine compartment temperatures are stabi­lized at normal operating temperatures and the battery system is fully charged. 11901:14.3.2.11
• The engine shall be shut off, and the minimum continuous electrical load shall be activated for 10 minutes. [1901:13.14.3.2.2]
• All electrical loads shall be turned off prior to attempting to restart the engine. [1901:13.14.3.2.31
• The battery system shall then be capable of restart­ing the engine. 
• Failure to restart the engine shall be considered a test failure of the battery system. 
• Alternator Performance Test at Idle.

13.14.3.3.1 The minimum continuous electrical load shall be activated with the engine running at idle speed. 

• The engine temperature shall be stabilized at normal operating temperature. 
• The battery system shall be tested to detect the presence of battery discharge current. 
• The detection of battery discharge current shall be considered a test failure.

13.14.3.4 Alternator Performance Test at Full Load.

• The total continuous electrical load shall be activa­ted with the engine running up to the engine manufacturer’s governed speed. [1901:13.14.3.4.1]
• The test duration shall be a minimum of 2 hours. [1901:13.14.3.4.2]
• Activation of the load management system shall be permitted during this test. [1901:13.14.3.4.31
• An alarm sounded by excessive battery discharge as detected by the warning system required in 13.3.4, or a system voltage ofless than 11.8 V dc for a 12 V nominal system, 23.6 V dc for a 24 V nominal system, or 35.4 V dc for a 42 V nominal system for more than 120 seconds, shall be considered a test failure. [1901:13.14.3.4.41

13.14.4 Low-Voltage Alarm Test.

• The following test shall be started with the engine off and the battery voltage at or above 12 V for a 12 V nominal system, 24 V for a 24 V nominal system, or 36 V for a 42 V nominal system. [1901:13.14.4.1]
• With the engine shut off, the total continuous elec­trical load shall be activated and shall continue to be applied until the excessive battery discharge alarm activates. 
• The battery voltage shall be measured at the battery terminals. 
• The test shall be considered a failure if the alarm does not sound in less than 140 seconds after the voltage drops to 11.70 V for a 12 V nominal system, 23.4 V for a 24 V nominal system, or 35.1 V for a 42 V nominal system. [1901:13.14.4.4]
• The battery system shall then be able to restart the engine. 
• Failure to restart the engine shall be considered a test failure. 

13.15 Documentadon. The manufacturer shall deliver the following with the fire apparatus:

• Documentation of the electrical system performance tests
• A written electrical load analysis, including the following:
  • The nameplate rating of the alternator
  • The alternator rating under the conditions speci­fied in 13.3.2
  • Each of the component loads specified in 13.3.3 that make up the minimum continuous electrical load
  • Additional electrical loads that, when added to the minimum continuous electrical load, determine the total continuous electrical load
  • Each individual intermittent electrical load [1901:13.15]
• SCBA Mounting.

14.1.9.1* Where SCBA holders are mounted within a driving or crew compartment, they shall comply with the following:

• The SCBA holder shall retain a pack and bottle combi­nation for the published weight rating of the holder when subjected to the dynamic force pulse per SAE J2418, Occupant Restraint System Evaluation — Frontal Impact Component-Level Heavy Trucks.
• If the SCBA unit is mounted in a seatback, the release mechanism shall be accessible to the user while seated.
• Brackets that lock automatically either in the event of impact or when the parking brake is released, but are not locked at other times, shall be permitted.
• * The SCBA holder shall retain the bottle when subjected to the deceleration pulse at 0, 30, 90, and 180 degrees with respect to the direction of bottle extraction and in the horizontal plane.
• The SCBA holder shall retain the bottle when subjected to a deceleration pulse that exceeds 2 gfor at least 60 ms in the vertical direction.
• The deceleration pulse shall meet the SAEJ2418 decel­eration profile with an accuracy of ±10% within the 35 to 95 ms range.
• The deceleration pulse shall be measured on a rigid portion of the base of the test fixture.
• The test component shall be retained in the holder during and after the dynamic test.
• The force required to extract the bottle after each test shall be no more than 125 percent of the initial extrac­tion force.
• The SCBA holder shall be attached to the fixture in the same manner that it will be fastened to the seat or vehi­cle.
• The test bottle shall not move more than 3 in. relative to the frame of the holder during each test.
• The test fixture shall not allow the holder frame to move more than 3 in. relative to the base of the test sled.
• Each holder shall bear a label affixed by the holder manufacturer certifying compliance to these specifica­tions.
• Equipment Mounting.
• All equipment required to be used during an emer­gency response shall be securely fastened. [1901:14.1.11.11
• All equipment not required to be used during an emergency response, with the exception of SCBA units, shall not be mounted in a driving or crew area unless it is contained in an area capable of containing all contents when a 9 g force is applied in the longitudinal axis of the vehicle or a 3 g force is applied in any other direction, or the equipment is mounted in a bracket(s) that can contain the equipment when the equip­ment is subjected to those same forces.
• Cab Equipment Mounting. Safety sign FAMA10, which warns of the need to secure items in the cab, shall be visi­ble inside the cab. [1901:14.1.10.31
• Steps and access handrails that comply with 15.7.1 through 15.7.4.6, and Section 15.8 shall be provided as neces­sary for access to all driving and crew compartments. [1901:14.1.121
• Where the crew compartment and the driving compartment are separated, prohibiting direct voice communi­cation, a two-way buzzer or two-way voice intercom system shall be provided. [1901:14.1.131
• Means of Escape.
• Any interior area to be occupied by personnel shall have a minimum of two means of escape. [1901:14.1.14.11
• Each opening shall be a minimum of 24 in. x 24 in. (610 mm x 610 mm). 11901:14.1.14.21
• Fresh Air Intake. Fresh air intake for the HVAC system of an enclosed crew compartment shall be equipped with a means of separating burning embers from the air intake system such that burning particulate matter larger than 0.039 in. (1.0 mm) in diameter cannot reach the inside of the crew compartment.
• Cab Tilt Systems. If the fire apparatus has a cab tilt system, the system shall meet the requirements of 14.2.1 through 14.2.3.2. [1901:14.21
• If the operation of the cab tilt system is accomplished by hydraulic means, the system shall be equipped with devices to prevent the motion of the cab in the event of any hydraulic hose failure. [1901:14.2.11
• If the cab has a powered tilting system, the system shall be interlocked to operate only when the parking brake is engaged and shall be configured so that the failure of a single component will not result in unintentional tilting of the cab. [1901:14.2.21
• The control of the cab tilt mechanism shall be accom­plished clear of the cab travel area while still having the travel area in clearview. [1901:14.2.31
• A mechanical means shall be provided to hold the cab in a fully raised position. [1901:14.2.3.11
• If the cab is able to be raised to a defined intermedi­ate position, a mechanical means shall also be provided to hold the cab in that intermediate position. [1901:14.2.3.21
• Driving Compartment.

14.3.1* A fully enclosed driving compartment with seating capacity for not fewer than two persons shall be provided.

14.3.2* Cabs on apparatus with a GVWR greater than 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) shall meet the requirements of one of the follow­ing sets of standards:

Loading Heavy Trucks, and SAE J2422, Cab Roof Strength Evaluation  Quasi-Static Loading Heavy Trucks

• ECE Regulation number 29, Unifoim Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to the Protection of the Occupants of the Cab of a Commercial Vehicle

14.3.3 Driver’s Seat.

14.3.3.1 The driver’s seat shall be readily adjustable by the driver. [1901:14.3.3.11

DRIVING AND CREW AREAS

14.3.4* The passenger side mirror shall be so mounted that the driver has a clear view of the mirror when the passengers are in their normal seated positions. [1901:14.3.41

• A visual signal shall be provided at the driver’s position to indicate that the equipment rack is in motion, or in the down position, and that the parking brake is not engaged. [1901:15.4.5]
• Flashing lights facing the front and rear of the appara­tus shall be provided on the equipment rack and shall be illu­minated whenever the equipment rack is in the down position. [1901:15.4.61
• The outward ends of the equipment rack that protrude beyond the body of the apparatus shall have retroreflective material to indicate a hazard or obstruction. [1901:15.4.71

15.5* SCBA Storage. Storage of complete SCBA units or SCBA cylinders shall be arranged so as to prevent damage, injury, or abrasion to the SCBA from other equipment stored in the general area. [1901:15.51

• If an SCBA unit or cylinder is stored within a driving or crew compartment, the mounting shall comply with the requirements of Section 15.5 and 14.1.9. [1901:15.5.11
• If an SCBA cylinder is mounted in a vertical position with the valve down, it shall be supported with a brace or yoke under the cylinder or valve area to prevent downward move­ment. [1901:15.5.2]
• The holding or clamping device shall not injure, wear, scrape, or otherwise affect the SCBA unit or cylinder, including damage to the paint or reflective finish, while the cylinder is being placed in, stored in, or removed from the holder. [1901:15.5.3]
• The SCBA storage area shall be a ventilated, dry area away from all heat sources that could damage the SCBA (e.g., mufflers, engines). [1901:15.5.4]

15.5.5* Vertical Storage of SCBA Cylinders in Tubes.

• The base of the storage tube shall have a rubber, plas­tic, or similar device to prevent wear on the cylinder and to prevent damage if the cylinder is accidentally dropped into the storage position. [1901:15.5.5.1]
• Each storage tube shall have a drain to prevent accu­mulation of moisture. [1901:15.5.5.2]

15.5.6* Horizontal Storage of SCBA Cylinders.

• The storage rack or tube assembly shall be designed to prevent the cylinder from accidentally sliding out of the stor­age rack or tube and shall be installed so as to keep the cylin­der from hitting or rubbing on compartment doors, by preventing movement or shifting when in transit. [1901:15.5.6.1]
• The rear wall of each SCBA storage area or tube shall be covered with a rubber, plastic, or similar material to prevent wear on cylinders. [1901:15.5.6.2]

15.6 Pump and Plumbing Access. If the water pump on the wildland fire apparatus is in an enclosed space, the require­ments of 15.6.4 shall apply.

• All valves, gauges, controls, pump, and other plumbing equipment shall be accessible for service and replacement.

15.7 Stepping, Standing, and Walking Surfaces.

15.7.1* Steps, platforms, or permanendy attached access ladders shall be provided so that fire fighters have access to all working and storage areas of the fire apparatus. [1901:15.7.1]

15.7.1.1 The maximum stepping height shall not exceed 18 in. (460 mm), with the exception of the ground to first step, which shall not exceed 24 in. (610 mm) when the vehicle is loaded to its estimated in-service weight. [1901:15.7.1.11

• The maximum horizontal offset between steps shall not exceed 18 in. (460 mm). [1901:15.7.1.1.1]
• Any step that decreases the specified approach or departure angle shall be designed to be movable so as not to be damaged when the vehicle traverses terrain that requires the full angle of approach or departure.
•  
• The ground-to-first-step height shall be determined with the apparatus on level ground. [1901:15.7.1.1.4]

15.7.1.2* All steps shall have a minimum area of 35 in.² (22,580 mm²), shall be of such a shape that a 5 in. (125 mm) diameter disk does not overlap any side when placed on the step, and shall be arranged to provide at least 6 in. (150 mm) of clearance between the leading edge of the step and any obstruction. [1901:15.7.1.21

• All platforms shall have a minimum depth of 8 in. (200 mm) from the leading edge of the platform to any obstruction. [1901:15.7.1.3]
• All access ladders shall have at least 8 in. (200 mm) of clearance between the leading edge of any rung and the body of the fire apparatus or other obstruction. [1901:15.7.1.41
• Climbing Method Instruction. Safety sign FAMA23, which warns of the proper climbing method, shall be visible to personnel entering the cab and at each designated climbing location on the body. [1901:15.7.1.51
• Designated horizontal standing or walking surfaces higher than 48 in. (1220 mm) from the ground and not guar­ded by a railing or structure at least 12 in. (300 mm) high when measured with the apparatus at curb weight, shall have at least a 1 in. (25 mm) wide safety yellow or orange line delineation that contrasts with the background to mark the outside perime­ter of the designated standing or walking surface area, exclud­ing steps and ladders. [1901:15.7.1.61
• All steps, platforms, or access ladders shall be designed and installed to sustain a minimum static load of 500 lb (227 kg) without deformation. [1901:15.7.2]
• Ladder rungs on access ladders shall have a skid- resistant surface or covering, but that surface or covering shall not be required to meet the slip resistance performance requirements of 15.7.4. [1901:15.7.31

15.7.4* Slip Resistance.

15.7.4.1* All materials used for exterior surfaces designated as stepping, standing, and walking areas and all interior steps shall have a minimum slip resistance in any orientation of 0.68 when tested wet using the English XL tester in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, or 0.52 when tested wet using the Brungraber Mark II tester in accordance with the manufac­turer’s instructions. [1901:15.7.4.1]

• All materials used for interior floors shall have a mini­mum slip resistance in any orientation of 0.58 when tested dry using the English XL tester in accordance with the manufactur­er’s instructions or 0.47 when tested dry using the Brungraber Mark II tester in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc­tions. [1901:15.7.4.21
• A standard Neolite® test sensor shall be used with both the English XL tester and the Brungraber Mark II[1901:15.7.4.3]
• Sampling Strategy.
• For uniformly patterned materials, at least 16 read­ings shall be taken on each sample. [1901:15.7.4.4.11
• Each reading shall be taken 90 degrees clockwise from the previous orientation, resulting in at least four read­ings in each orientation. [1901:15.7.4.4.1.1]
• The readings shall be averaged and reported as the slip resistance for the material. [1901:15.7.4.4.1.2]
• For directionally patterned materials, at least 32 readings shall be taken on each sample. [1901:15.7.4.4.21
• Each reading shall be taken 45 degrees clockwise from the previous orientation, resulting in at least four read­ings in each orientation. [1901:15.7.4.4.2.1]
• The four readings in each direction shall be aver­aged and reported as the slip resistance for the material in that orientation. [1901:15.7.4.4.2.21
• The contractor shall deliver with the fire apparatus a certification that all materials used for exterior surfaces desig­nated as stepping, standing, and walking areas, all interior steps, and all interior floors meet the requirements of 15.7.4. [1901:15.7.4.5]
• Where the fuel fill is located at or near a stepping surface, the surface shall be constructed of an open grate-type material to facilitate draining of accidentally spilled fuel to lessen any slipping hazard. [1901:15.7.4.61

15.7.5 Safety sign FAMA24, which warns personnel not to ride on the vehicle, shall be located at the rear step areas and at any cross walkways. [1901:15.7.5]

15.8 Access Handrails or Handholds.

• Access handrails or handholds shall be provided at each entrance to a driving or crew compartment and at each position where steps or ladders for climbing are located. 11901:15.8.1]
• Exterior access handrails shall be constructed of or covered with a slip-resistant, noncorrosive material. [1901:15.8.2] 8.3 Exterior access handrails shall be between 1 in. and 1% in. (25 mm and 42 mm) in diameter and have a minimum clearance between the handrails and any surface of at least 2 in. (50 mm). [1901:15.8.31

15.8.4* All exterior access handrails shall be designed and mounted to reduce the possibility of hand slippage and to avoid snagging of hose, equipment, or clothing. [1901:15.8.4]

15.8.5 Handrails and handholds shall be constructed so that three points of contact (two hands and one foot, or one hand and two feet) can be maintained at all times while ascending and descending. [1901:15.8.51

15.8.6* Access handrails supplied by the chassis manufacturer on a commercial chassis shall be permitted to be used to meet the requirements of this section. [1901:15.8.61

15.9 Metal Finish.

15.9.1 Where dissimilar metals that pose a galvanic corrosion or reactive threat are to be mounted together, the mounting base material shall have an isolation barrier prior to assembly to prevent dissimilar metal reaction. [1901:15.9.11

15.9.2* Painting.

15.9.2.1* All exposed ferrous metal surfaces that are not plated or stainless steel shall be cleaned and prepared and shall be painted or coated. [1901:15.9.2.1]

15.9.2.2 The paint or coating, including any primer, shall be applied in accordance with the paint or coating manufacturer’s recommendation. [1901:15.9.2.21

15.9.3* Reflective Striping.

15.9.3.1* A retro reflective stripe (s) shall be affixed to all of the following:

• The side of the apparatus covering at least 50 percent of the cab and 50 percent of the body on each side, exclud­ing the pump panel areas
• At least 25 percent of the width of the front of the appara­tus (measured at the front of the vehicle, not including mirrors or other protrusions)
• At least 50 percent of the width of the rear-facing vertical surface of the apparatus calculated by considering any vertical surface within 36 in. (91 cm) forward of the rear bumper, visible from the rear of the apparatus, excluding any pump panel areas not covered by a door

15.9.3.1.1* The stripe or combination of stripes shall be a minimum of 4 in. (100 mm) in total width or as wide as possi­ble if 4 inches (100 mm) of flat surface is not available.

• The 4 in. (100 mm) wide stripe or combination of stripes shall be permitted to be interrupted by objects (e.g., receptacles, cracks between slats in roll-up doors) provided the full stripe is seen as conspicuous when the apparatus is being approached.
• A graphic design shall be permitted to replace all or part of the required striping material if the design or combina­tion thereof covers at least the same perimeter length(s) required by 15.9.3.1. [1901:15.9.3.1.3]

15.9.3.2 Reserved.

15.9.3.3 All retroreflective materials required by 15.9.3.1 shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D4956, Standard Specifi­cation for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, Section 6.1.1, for Type I Sheeting.

• All retroreflective materials used to satisfy the requirements of 15.9.3.1 that are colors not listed in ASTM D4956, Section 6.1.1, shall have a minimum coefficient of retroreflection of 10 with observation angle of 0.2 degrees and entrance angle of-4 degrees. [1901:15.9.3.3.11
• Any printed or processed retroreflective film construction used to meet the requirements of 15.9.3.1 shall conform to the standards required of an integral colored film as specified in ASTM D4956, Section 6.1.1.

15.10* Hose Storage. If a hose storage area(s) is provided, it shall comply with this section. [1901:15.101

15.10.1 The hose storage area shall be made from noncorro- sive materials.

15.10.2* The bottom shall be constructed to prevent the accu­mulation of water and allow for ventilation to aid in drying hose. [1901:15.10.11

• The interior shall be smooth and free from all projec­tions, such as nuts, sharp angles, or brackets, that might cause damage to the hose. [1901:15.10.2]
• The interior of a hose storage area shall not be required to meet the slip resistance requirements given in 15.7.4. [1901:15.10.3]
• Reels, handrails, ladders, and equipment holders shall be placed so as not to obstruct the laying or removal of hose from the storage area. [1901:15.10.41

15.10.6* Any hose storage area shall be equipped with a posi­tive means to prevent unintentional deployment of the hose from the top, sides, front, and rear of the hose storage area while the apparatus is underway in normal operations. [1901:15.10.51

15.10.7 Hose Restraint Safety Sign. Safety sign FAMA22, which warns of the need to secure hose, shall be visible to personnel at each hose storage area. [1901:15.10.61

15.10.8* If a hose reel is provided, it shall be equipped with a brake.

• The hose reel shall have a capacity of not less than 100 ft (30 m) of³/, in. (19 mm) booster hose.
• When the reel is equipped with over 100 ft (30 m) of hose, the reel shall have power rewind capability.

15.11 Requirements for Mounting of Ground Ladders. If the

apparatus is equipped with ground ladders, the mounting shall meet the requirements of 15.11.1 through 15.11.4.

• Ground ladders shall be mounted and protected to prevent movement, abrasion, or other damage to the ground ladder while they are on the fire apparatus. [ 1901:15.11.1 ]
• When mounted on the apparatus, ground ladders shall not be subject to exposure to heat sources (such as engine heat) of 212°F (100°C) or greater. [1901:15.11.21
• Ground ladders shall be supported to prevent any sagging or distortion while they are mounted on the fire appa­ratus. [1901:15.11.3]
• The rollers and other moving parts of the frame hold­ing the ground ladders on the apparatus shall be readily acces­sible to permit lubrication. [1901:15.11.41

15.12* Receivers and Anchors for Rope and Removable Winches.

• Receivers or anchors installed at any location on the apparatus for use as removable winch anchors shall be designed and affixed to provide at least a 2.0-to-l straight line pull no-yield safety factor over the load rating of the removable winch. [1901:15.12.1]
• Receivers or anchors installed at any location on the apparatus for use with rope operations shall be designed and affixed to the apparatus to provide at least a 9000 lbf (40,000 N) no-yield condition with a straight line pull. [1901:15.12.21
• Safety sign FAMA28 shall be located on or near each receiver or anchor stating the maximum straight line pull rating. [1901:15.12.3]

15.13 Slip-On Fire-Fighting Module. If the pump, piping, and tank are built as a slip-on, self-contained unit, it shall meet the requirements of 15.13.1 through 15.13.3 and shall be mounted on the fire apparatus in accordance with 15.13.4. [1901:15.13]

• The major components of the slip-on module, includ­ing the pump, pumping engine, water and agent tank(s), plumbing system, and electrical system, shall meet the require­ments of the applicable chapters of this standard covering those components. [1901:15.13.1]
• Intake and discharge piping shall not interfere with the routine maintenance of the pump, engine, or auxiliary systems and shall not unduly restrict the servicing of these components. [1901:15.13.2]
• The manufacturer of a slip-on fire-fighting module shall provide the following data with the module:
  • Weight without water but with all other tanks or reservoirs for liquids full
  • Weight full with water and other liquids, including foam concentrate, fuel, and lubricants
  • Horizontal center of gravity when full with water and other liquids
  • Overall dimensions [1901:15.13.3]
• The slip-on module shall be mounted in a manner that allows access to the engine, pump, and auxiliary systems for routine maintenance. [1901:15.13.4.1]
• The slip-on module shall be removable using common hand tools. [1901:15.13.4.2]
• The slip-on module shall be mounted in a manner that prevents damage by vibration. [1901:15.13.4.31

15.13.4.4* Special anchorage shall be provided on the vehicle chassis and on the slip-on fire-fighting module to secure the fire-fighting module to the vehicle chassis. [1901:15.13.4.41