NFPA 1931 Manufacturer’s Design of Fire Department Ground Ladders

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NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A.

A reference in brackets f 1 following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. Extracted text may be edited for consistency and style and may include the revision of internal paragraph refer­ences and other references as appropriate. Requests for inter­pretations or revisions of extracted text shall be sent to the technical committee responsible for the source document.

Information on referenced and extracted publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex B.

Chapter 1 Administratio

1.1.1* This standard specifies the requirements for the design of fire department ground ladders and for the design verifica­tion tests that are to be conducted by the ground ladder manu­facturer.

1.1.2 The tests specified herein are the responsibility of the ladder manufacturer only and are not to be performed by fire departments.

1.2.1* This standard provides the manufacturer of fire depart­ment ground ladders with a set of performance requirements against which ladders are to be certified to ensure that the ground ladders are reliable and safe to use.

1.2.2 It is not the purpose of this standard to specify the details of construction.

1.2.3 The limitations imposed are for the purpose of provid­ing reasonable safety requirements and establishing test meth­ods.

1.3 Application.

1.3.1 This standard applies to the manufacture of all new ground ladders and multipurpose ladders intended for use by fire department personnel for rescue, fire-fighting operations, and training.

1.3.2* These ladders are not to be used for any other purpose.

Chapter 2 Referenced Publications

• The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document.
• NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Battery march Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471.

NFPA 1932, Standard on Use, Maintenance, and Service Testing of In-Service Fire Department Ground Ladders, 2020 edition.

• Other Publications.
  • ALI Publications. American Ladder Institute, 330 North Wabash Avenue, Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611.

ANSI-ASC A 14.1, American National Standard for Ladders — Wood Safety Requirements, 2007.

ANSI-ASC A14.2, American National Standard for Ladders — Portable Metal — Safety Requirements, 2017.

ANSI-ASC A14.5, American National Standard for Ladders — Portable Reinforced Plastic — Safety Requirements, 2017.

ANSI-ASC A14.8, American National Standard for Ladders — Safety Requirements for Ladder Accessories, 2013.

• ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Ban- Harbor Drive, P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

ASTM B117, Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus, 2016.

• Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

• References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections. (Reserved)

Chapter 3 Definitions

• The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily acceptecl meaning.
• NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic­tion.

3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

• Indicates a mandatory requirement.
• Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
• An NFPA Standard, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

• Angle of Inclination. The angle incorporated between the beams and a level plane.
• Attic Extension Ladder. An extension ladder that is specifically designed to be used to gain entry through a scuttle, hatch, or other similarly restricted opening.
• Bark Pocket. See 3.3.45.1, Bark Pocket Wood Irregular­ity.
• Base (Bed) Section. The lowest or widest section of an extension ladder.
• Beam (Side Rail). The main structural side of the ground ladder.
• Bedded Position. The position in which the fly section (s) of an extension ladder is fully retracted with the pawls engaged.

3.3.7* Butt. The end of the beam that is placed on the ground, or other lower support surface, when ground ladders are in the raised position.

3.3.8* Butt Spurs (Feet). That component of ground ladder support that is in contact with the lower support surface to reduce slippage.

• See 3.3.45.2, Check Wood Irregularity
• Collapsible Ladder. See 3.3.18, Folding Ladder.
• Combination Ladder. A ground ladder that is capable of being used both as a stepladder and as a single or extension ladder.

3.3.12* Design Verification Tests. Tests of a ladder structure and components thereof that are performed by the ladder manufacturer to prove conformance to design requirements and which can potentially compromise the integrity of the tested ladder.

• Designated Length. The length marked on the ladder.
• Duty Rating. The maximum load the ladder is designed to support when it is in use and properly positioned.
• Extension Ladder. A non-self-supporting ground ladder that consists of two or more sections traveling in guides, brackets, or the equivalent arranged so as to allow length adjustment.
• Fire Department Ground Ladder. Any portable ladder specifically designed for fire department use in rescue, fire- fighting operations, or training.
• Fly Section(s). The upper section(s) of an extension ladder.
• Folding Ladder. A single-section ladder with rungs that can be folded or moved to allow the beams to be brought into a position touching or nearly touching each other.
• Rope used on extension ladders for the purpose of raising a fly section (s).
• Heat Sensor Label. A label that changes color at a preset temperature to indicate a specific heat exposure.
• See 3.3.45.3, Knot Wood Irregularity.
• A device consisting of two beams (side rails) joined at regular intervals by cross pieces called rungs on which a person is supported during climbs for ascending or descend­ing. (See also 3.3.30, Pompier Ladder.)
• Ladder Accessory. A device that — when installed or attached to a ladder — expands the ladder’s function, utility, and safety, but is not essential for the ladder’s intended func­tion.
• Ladder Nesting. The procedure whereby ladders of different sizes are positioned partially within one another to reduce the amount of space required for their storage on the apparatus.
• Maximum Extended Length. The total length of the extension ladder when all fly sections are fully extended and all pawls are engaged.

3.3.26* Multipurpose Ladder. A ground ladder capable of being used as either a step ladder or a straight ladder and comprising two telescoping adjustable-length-section assem­blies connected via a hinge assembly.

• Devices attached to a fly section (s) to engage ladder rungs near the beams of the section below for the purpose of anchoring the fly section (s); also referred to as “dogs.”
• Permanent Deformation. That deformation remaining in any part of a ladder or its components after all test loads have been removed from the ladder.
• Pitch Pocket. See 3.3.45.4, Pitch Pocket Wood Irregu­larity.
• Pompier Ladder (Scaling Ladder). A ladder having a single center beam only with rungs protruding on either side of the beam and with a large hook on top that is used for scaling.
• A device attached to a ladder section, consisting of a wheel(s) over which a rope or cable runs for the purpose of changing direction while extending or lowering an exten­sion ladder.

1931-5

DEFINITIONS

• Roof Ladder. A single ladder equipped with hooks at the top end of the ladder.
• Double-Ended Roof Ladder. Roof ladder with hooks at both ends and spurs on at least one end.
• The ladder cross pieces on which a person steps while ascending or descending.
• Scaling Ladder. See 3.3.30, Pompier Ladder.
• Side Rail. See 3.3.5, Beam.
• Single Ladder. A non-self-supporting ground ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of only one section.
• Slope of Grain. See 3.3.45.5, Slope of Grain Wood Irregularities.
• See 3.3.45.6, Split Wood Irregularity.
• Staypoles (Tormentors). Poles attached to each beam of the base section of extension ladders and used to assist in raising the ladder and to help provide stability of the raised ladder.
• The end of the ladder opposite the butt end.
• Tormentors or Tormentor Poles. See 3.3.39, Staypoles.
• Ultimate Failure. Collapse of a ground ladder structure or component thereof.
• Visible Damage. A permanent change in condition that is clearly evident by visual inspection without recourse to optical measuring or observation devices.
• Visual Inspection. Observation by eye unaided by opti­cal devices, except prescription eyeglasses or lenses.
• Wood Irregularities. Natural characteristics in or on the wood that can lower its durability, strength, or utility.

3.3.45.1* Bark Pocket Wood Irregularity. An opening between annual growth rings that contains bark.

• Check Wood Irregularity. A separation of the wood along the fiber direction that usually extends across the rings of annual growth and commonly results from stresses set up in the wood during seasoning.

3.3.45.3* Knot Wood Irregularity. A portion of a branch or limb embedded in the tree and cut during the process of lumber manufacture.

3.3.45.4 Pitch Pocket Wood Irregularity. An opening extend­ing parallel to the annual growth rings that contains, or that has contained, either solid or liquid pitch.

3.3.45.5* Slope of Grain Wood Irregularities. A deviation of the fiber direction from a line parallel to the sides of the piece.

3.3.45.6 Split Wood Irregularity. A separation of the wood parallel to the fiber direction due to tearing of the wood fibers.

Chapter 4 Ladder Design

4.1 Requirements for All Ground Ladders.

4.1.1 Duty Rating. Ground ladders shall have a duty rating as specified in Table 4.1.1 when raised at a 75!4 degree angle of inclination.

Table 4.1.1 Ground Ladder Duty Rating

• Materials of Construction. Materials used in ground ladder construction shall meet the performance requirements of this standard.
• All structural components of ground ladders shall be constructed of materials such that the ground ladder maintains at least 75 percent of the strength necessary to pass all test requirements in this standard at 149°C (300°F).
• If varying types of metal are used in the construction of ground ladders, then the metals shall be chosen or finished to reduce electrolytic action.
• Fiberglass materials shall meet the performance requirements of Chapter 7 of ANSI-ASC A14.5, American National Standard for Ladders— Portable Reinforced Plastic — Safety Requirements.
• Wood components shall meet the requirements of Chapter 5 of ANSI-ASC A14.1, American National Standard for Ladders — Wood Safety Requirements.
• Wood irregularities shall not exceed the following requirements:
  • The general slope of the grain shall not be steeper than 1 in 15.
  • Knots shall not appear, except that pin knots in rungs shall be permitted.

Pitch and bark pockets shall be permitted, provided that there is not more than one that is 1 mm (‘/₃₂ in.) in width, 51 mm (2 in.) in length, and 3 mm (V_s in.) in depth.

Checks shall not be more than 51 mm (2 in.) in length or 3 mm (V_s in.) in depth.

• Splits shall not be more than 51 mm (2 in.) in length or 3 mm (V_s) in depth.
• Cracks shall not be permitted.
• Compression wood shall not be permitted.
• Cross grain shall not be permitted.
• Chambers associated with black streaks shall not be permitted.

• Ladder Construction.
• Ground ladders shall be constructed in a manner to ensure that structural and workmanship defects do not exist that result in the structural strength being reduced below the requirements of this standard.

Maximum Load

• Ground ladders shall be constructed in a manner to ensure that sharp edges, burrs in excess of 0.4 mm (!4i in.), or other defects that cut or tear clothing or skin do not exist.

ASTM E661, Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads, 2003 (2015).

• IPC Publications. IPC, 3000 Lakeside Drive, 309 S, Bannockburn, IL 60015, ww.ipc.org.

IPC A-610F, Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies, 2014, Amend­ment 1, 2015.

• ISO Publications. International Organization for Stand­ardization, ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blan- donnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva 20, Switzerland, iso.ch.net.

ISO/IEC 17020, General Criteria for the Operation of Various Types of Bodies Performing Inspection, 2012.

ISO/IEC 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Test­ing and Calibration Laboratories, 2005.

• National Truck Equipment Association (NTEA) Publica­tions. NTEA The Association for the Work Truck Industry, 37400 Hills Tech Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3414, ntea.com

AMD 001, Static Load Test for Ambulance Body Structure, 2014.

AMD 003, Oxygen Tank Retention System Static Test, 2014.

AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test, 2014.

AMD 006, Patient Compartment Sound Level Test, 2014.

AMD 008, Handrail Static Load Test, 2014.

AMD 010, Water Leak Test, 2014.

AMD 011, Equipment Temperature Test, 2014.

AMD 012, Interior Climate Control Test, 2014.

AMD 015, Ambulance Main Medical Gas System Test, 2014.

AMD 016, Patient Compartment Lighting Level Test, 2014.

AMD 018, Rear Stepping Surface Load Test, 2014.

AMD 021, Aspirator System Test, 2014.

AMD 024, Perimeter Illumination Test, 2014.

AMD 025, Occupant Head Clearance Zones Test, 2014.

AMD 027, Line Voltage Electrical Systems Test, 2014.

UltraMod Spreadsheet, 2002.

• SAE Publications. SAE International, 400 Common­wealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096, ww.sae.org.

SAE J156, Fusible, Links, 2010.

SAE J551/1, Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (16.6Hz to IS GHz), 2010.

SAE J553, Circuit Breakers, 2004.

SAEJ554, Electric Fuses (Cartridge Type), 2010.

SAE J575, Test Methods and Equifnnent for Lighting Devices and Components for Use on Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, 2010.

SAE J576, Plastic Material or Materials for Use in Optical Parts Such as Lenses and Reflex Reflectors of Motor Vehicle Lighting Devices, 2010.

SAEJ578, Color-Specification, 2006.

SAE J595, Directional Flashing Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, 2005.

SAE J683, Tire Chain Clearance — Trucks, Buses (Except Subur­ban, Intercity, and Transit Buses), and Combinations of Vehicles, 1985.

SAEJ689, Curbstone Clearance, Approach, Departure, and Ramp Breakover Angles, 2009.

SAE J845, Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, 2007.

SAE J994, Alarm — Backup — Electric Laboratory Performance Testing, 2009.

SAE J1127, Low Voltage Battery Cable, 2010.

SAE J1128, Low Voltage Primary Cable, 2011.

SAE J1318, Gaseous Discharge Warning Lamp for Authorized Emergency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, 2009.

SAE J1330, Photometry Laboratory Accuracy Guidelines, 2007.

SAE J1849, Emergency Vehicle Sirens, 2008.

SAE J1888, High Current Time Lag Electric Fuses, 1990.

SAE J1889, L.ED. Signal and Marking Lighting Devices, 2011.

SAEJ2077, Miniature Blade Type Electrical Fuses, 1990.

SAE J2202, Heavy Duty Wiring Systems for On-Highway Trucks, 2004.

SAE J2420, COE Frontal Strength Evaluation — Dynamic Load­ing Heavy Trucks, 2003.

SAE J2422, Cab Roof Strength Evaluation — Quasi-Static Load­ing Heavy Trucks, 2003.

SAE J3026, Ambulance Patient Compartment Seating Integrity and Occupant Restraint, 2016.

SAE J3027, Ambulance Litter Integrity, Retention, and Patient Restraint, 2016.

SAEJ3043, Ambulance Equipment Mounts, 2014.

SAE J3057, Ambulance Modular Body Evaluation-Quasi-Static Loading For Type I and Type III Modular Ambulance Bodies, 2017.

SAE J3058, Ambulance Interim■ Storage Compartment Integrity, 2016.

SAE J3102, Ambulance Patient Compartment Structural Integrity Test to Support SAEJ3027 Compliant Litter Systems, 2017.

2.3.8 UL Publications. Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL 60062-2096, www.ul.com.

ANSI/UL 153, Standard for Portable Electric Luminaires, 2002, revised 2015.

ANSI/UL 498, Standard for Safety Attachment Plugs and Recepta­cles, 2012, revised 2016.

ANSI/UL 969, Standard for Marking and Labeling Systems, 1995, revised 2014.

ANSI/UL 1598, Luminaires, 2008, revised 2013.

ANSI/UL 2034, Standard far Safety, Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms, 2008, revised 2016.

• S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Publishing Office, 732 North Gapitol Street, NW, Washington, DG 20401-0001, www.gpo.gov.

Title 49, Gode of Federal Regulations, Part 571, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS).

• Other Publications.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam- Webster, Inc., Springfield, MA, 2003.

2.4 References for Extracts in Mandatory Sections.

NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2017 edition. NFPA 1451, Standard for a Fire and Emergency Service Vehicle Operations Training Program, 2018 edition.

NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2016 edition.

Chapter 3 Definitions

• The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.
• NFPA Official Definitions.

3.2.1* Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdic­tion.

3.2.2* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

3.2.3 Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organ­ization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains peri­odic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materi­als, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.

3.2.4* Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection of production oflisted equipment or materials or periodic evalua­tion of services, and whose listing states that either the equip­ment, material, or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose.

3.2.5 Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

• Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
• An NFPA Standard, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Godes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides.

3.3 General Definitions.

• An agreement between the purchasing authority and the contractor that the terms and conditions of the contract have been met. [1901, 2016]
• Acceptance Tests. Tests performed on behalf of or by the purchaser at the time of delivery to determine compliance with the specifications for the ambulance.
• A vehicle used for out-of-hospital medical care and patient transport that provides a driver’s compart­ment; a patient compartment to accommodate an emergency medical services provider (EMSP) and at least one patient loca­ted on the primary cot positioned so that the primary patient can be given emergency care during transit; equipment and supplies for emergency care at the scene as well as during trans­port; safety, comfort, and avoidance of aggravation of the patient’s injury or illness; two-way radio communication; and audible and visual traffic warning devices.

3.3.3.1* Substantially Similar Ambulance. An ambulance in which the relevant area or component that is being compared or considered is comparable. Applicable to the test being considered for an ambulance in which like areas are compared.

• Type I Ambulance. An ambulance with a 10,001 lb (4536 kg) to 14,000 lb (6350 kg) gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) constructed on a cab chassis with a modular ambu­lance body.
• Type I-AD (Additional Duty) Ambulance. An ambu­lance with a 14,001 lb (6351 kg) or more GVWR constructed on a cab chassis with a modular ambulance body.
• Type U Ambulance. An ambulance constructed on a van.
• Type III Ambulance. An ambulance with a 10,001 lb to 14,000 lb GVWR constructed on a cutaway van chassis with integrated modular ambulance body.
• Type III-AD (Additional Duty) Ambulance. An ambu­lance with a 14,001 lb or more GVWR constructed on a cutaway van chassis with integrated modular body.
•  

3.3.4.1 Angle of Approach. The smallest angle made between the road surface and a line drawn from the front point of ground contact of the front tire to any projection of the ambulance in front of the front axle.

• Angle of Departure. The smallest angle made between the road surface and a line drawn from the rear point of ground contact of the rear tire to any projection of the ambulance behind the rear axle.
• Ramp Breakover Angle. The angle measured between two lines tangent to the front and rear tire static loaded radius, and intersecting at a point on the underside of the vehicle that defines the largest ramp over which the vehicle can roll. [1901, 2016]
• Automatic Electrical Load Management System. A

device that continuously monitors the electrical system voltage and automatically sheds predetermined loads in a selected order to prevent overdischarging of the ambulance’s batteries.

• Bonded (Bonding). Connected to establish electrical continuity and conductivity. [1901, 2016]
• The partition dividing the driver compart­ment from the patient compartment.
• Center of Gravity. The point at which the entire weight of the ambulance is considered to be concentrated so that, if supported at this point, the ambulance would remain in equili­brium in any position.

3.3.9* Chassis. The basic operating motor vehicle, including the engine, frame, and other essential structural and mechani­cal parts, but exclusive of the body and all appurtenances for the accommodation of driver, property, passengers, appliances, or equipment related to functions other than control.

3.3.10* Common and Critical Equipment and Supplies.

Equipment and/or supply items that are frequently used for or are essential to providing patient care.

• Exterior Compartment. A weather-resistant area designed to protect stored items from environmental damage that is confined on six sides and equipped with an access opening(s) that can be closed and latched.
• Interior Storage Compartment. A cabinet, drawer, pouch style system, or other means used to contain and secure EMS supplies, tools, medical devices, or other equip­ment within an enclosed area.
• Patient Compartment. The portion of the ambu­lance behind the cab.
• Type I Patient Compartment. The modular body area added on behind the cab.
• Type II Patient Compartment. The body area beginning immediately behind the forward bulkhead.
• Type III Patient Compartment. The modular body area added on behind the cab.
• Grounding Conductor. A non-current-carrying conductor used to connect equipment or the ground circuit of a wring system to the power source grounding system.

[1901,20161

• Line Voltage Conductor. An ungrounded current- carrying conductor of a line voltage circuit. [1901, 2016] 3.3.12.3 Neutral Conductor. The conductor connected to the neutral point of a system that is intended to carry current under normal conditions. [1901, 20161

3.3.13 Continuous Duty. Operation at a substantially constant load for an indefinitely long time. [1901, 2016]

3.3.14* Contractor. The person or company responsible for fulfilling an agreed upon contract. [1901, 20161

• A discontinuity in a part or a failure to func­tion that interferes with the service or reliability for which the part was intended. [1901, 20161
• Any data or information supplied by the manufacturer or contractor relative to the ambulance, including information on its operation, service, and mainte­nance.
• Electrical Appliance. An electrical device or instrument designed to perform a specific function, such as scene lights, battery charger, medical equipment, and so forth.

3.3.18* Electronic Siren. An audible warning device that produces sound electronically through the use of amplifiers and electromagnetic speakers. [1901, 20161

• A nonsheltered location exposed to the envi­ronment, either continuously or intermittently. [1901, 20161
• Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (EMVSS).

Regulations promulgated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) of the United States under Public Law 89-563 that are mandatory and must be complied with when motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment are manufactured and certified thereto.

• Fixed Power Source. Any line voltage power source except a portable generator.
• Fully Latched Position. The last or fully closed position on the striker of a 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 206 compliant door latch.
• United States gallon. [1901, 2016]
• A visual device that indicates a measurement. [1901,20161
• See 3.3.71.1, Gross Axle Weight Rating.
• An electromechanical device for the production of electricity. [1901, 20161

3.3.27* Grade. A measurement of the angle used in road design and expressed as a percentage of elevation change over distance. [1901, 2016]

• Ground Clearance. The clearance under a vehicle at all locations except the axles and driveshaft connections to the axle or items designed to swing clear.
• See 3.3.71.3, Gross Vehicle Weight Ruing (GVWR).
• High-Idle Speed Control. A control or switch system that provides a means to increase the engine operating speed from an idle condition to a higher preset operating speed. [1901,20161
• Instruction Plate. A visual indication whether in picto­rial or word format that provides instruction to the operator in the use of a component on the ambulance.
• A sheltered location not exposed to the envi­ronment. [1901,20161
• A device or arrangement by means of which the functioning of one part is controlled by the functioning of another. [1901,20161
• A visual indication whether in pictorial or word format that provides for the identification of a control, switch, indicator, or gauge, or the display of information useful to the operator. [1901, 20161
• A mechanical device used to position the door in a closed position relative to the body framework with provi­sion for controlled release or operation.
• Line Voltage Circuit, Equipment, or System. An ac or

dc electrical circuit, equipment, or system where the voltage to ground or from line to line is equal to or greater than 30 volts rms (ac), 42.4 volts peak (ac), or 60 volts dc.

• Load Distribution Plan. A drawing or spreadsheet of shelves, cabinets, drawers, compartment, or otherwise storage with a maximum weight attached to each location.

3.3.38* Loose Equipment. Equipment other than the occu­pants and the cot that is intended to be stored on the ambu­lance.

• Low Voltage Circuit, Equipment, or System. An electri­cal circuit, equipment, or system where the voltage does not exceed 30 volts rms (ac), 42.4 volts peak (ac), or 60 volts dc; usually 12 volts dc in an ambulance.
• The person or persons, company, firm, corporation, partnership, or other organization responsible for turning raw materials or components into a finished product.
• Optical Center. The point specified by the optical warning device manufacturer of highest intensity when measur­ing the output of an optical warning device. [1901, 20161
• Optical Power. A unit of measure designated as candela-seconds/minute that combines the flash energy and flash rate of an optical source into one power measurement representing the true visual effectiveness of the emitted light. [1901, 20161

3.3.43* Optical Source. Any single, independently mounted, light-emitting component in a lighting system. [1901, 20161

• Optical Warning Device. A manufactured assembly of one or more optical sources. [1901, 20161
• A single panel or group of panel units designed for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a wall, partition, or other support; and accessible only from the front. [70:1001
• Patient Cot. An elevating patient conveyance device upon which the primary patient is transported, which is also known as a transporter, gurney, and carrier.
• Power Source. A device that produces line voltage elec­tricity. [1901, 20161
• Power Supply Assembly. Any cord or distribution assembly that is partly comprised of the neutral conductor, grounding conductor, and line voltage conductors connected from the output terminals of the power source to the first main overcurrent protection device. [1901, 20161
• Primary Patient Care Seat. The seating position desig­nated by the AHJ from which the EMSP is expected to provide primary patient care.
• Proper(ly). In accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications or as recommended by the manufacturer. [1901, 2016]
• Pounds per square inch.
• Power takeoff.
• The authority having responsibility for the specification and acceptance of the ambulance.
• Purchasing Authority. The agency that has the sole responsibility and authority for negotiating, placing, and, where necessary, modifying each and every solicitation, purchase order, or other award issued by a governing body. 11901,20161
• Qualified Person. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, and who, by knowledge, training, and experience, has demon­strated the ability to deal with problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project. [1451, 20181
• Readily Accessible. Able to be located, reached, sen- iced, or removed without removing other components or parts of the ambulance and without the need to use special tools to open enclosures.
• Remounted Ambulance Patient Compartment. An

ambulance patient compartment that has been removed from its original chassis and installed on a different chassis.

• Reserve Capacity. The ability of a battery to sustain a minimum electrical load in the event of a charging system fail­ure or a prolonged charging system deficit. [1901, 20161
•  
• Child Restraint Seat. A seat capable of transporting a child 66 lb (30 kg) or less in accordance with 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 213 and mounted in accordance with the seat manu­facturer’s recommendation.
• Infant Restraint Seat. A seat capable of transporting an infant 22 lb (10 kg) or less in accordance with 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 213 and mounted in accordance with the seat manufacturer’s recommendation.
• Side Entry Door. The body door on the side of the ambulance body that provides entry into the patient compart­ment and through which patients can be loaded and unloaded.
• A visual indication whether in pictorial or word format that provides a warning to the operator or other persons near the ambulance.
• A transportation device also known as a cot, litter, or flat, designed to transport a supine patient.
• A mechanical device with which the latch engages on the opposing member of the body framework.
• Substantially Similar Ambulance. One or more compo­nents or systems that are the same and that perform the same functions in vehicles or equipment sold or offered for sale in the United States, regardless of whether the part numbers are identical.
• Any set of contacts that interrupts or controls current flow through an electrical circuit. [1901, 2016]
• Total Continuous Electrical Load. The total current required to operate all of the devices permanendy connected to the ambulance that can be simultaneously energized exclud­ing intermittent-type loads.
• Turning Clearance Radius. One-half the larger of the left or right full circle wall-to-wall turning diameter. [1901, 2016]

3.3.68* Type Certificate. A document that is issued to certify the compliance of an ambulance design or component to a specific test.

• Usable Payload. The weight of the loose equipment, occupants, and cot that can be carried in the ambulance with­out exceeding the GVWR.
•  

3.3.70.1* Curb Weight. The total weight of the complete ambulance less the payload.

• Weight Rating.

3.3.71.1* Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). The final-stage manufacturer’s specified maximum load-carrying capacity of an axle system, as measured at the tire-ground interfaces.

3.3.71.2 Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR). The

final-stage manufacturer’s specified maximum loaded weight for a combination (articulated) vehicle consisting of a tow vehicle and one or more towed units.

3.3.71.3* Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). The final- stage manufacturer’s specified maximum load-carrying capacity of a single vehicle.

• Wet Location (Related to Ambulances). A location on a nonenclosed, exterior surface of an ambulance body or driver and crew compartment or a nonsheltered location inside a compartment with a door or cover that, while open, exposes the enclosure or panelboard to the environment.

Chapter 4 General Requirements

4.1 General. All ambulances shall comply with Chapters 1 through 9.

4.2* Responsibility of the Purchaser.

4.2.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to consider the amount of equipment and the number of personnel that will be carried on the ambulance and to specify a minimum usable payload that will accommodate this weight once the ambulance is placed in service.

4.2.2 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify any details of the ambulance that would exceed the minimum specifications of this standard.

• Responsibility of the Contractor.
• The contractor shall provide a detailed description of the ambulance, a list of equipment to be furnished, and other construction and performance details to which the ambulance shall conform.
• The detailed description of the ambulance shall include, but shall not be limited to, minimum usable payload, wheelbase, curb-to-curb turning clearance radius, principal dimensions, angle of approach, and angle of departure.
• The purpose of these contractor specifications shall be to define what the contractor intends to furnish and deliver to the purchaser.
• Responsibility for the ambulance and equipment shall remain with the contractor until they are accepted by the purchaser.
• Ambulance Components.
• All components shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions or with the written approval of the component manufacturer.
• All medical devices furnished shall comply with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory require­ments.
• Vehicles shall be free from defects that could impair their reliability or serviceability.

4.4.4* All bodies, systems, equipment, and interfaces with the chassis not otherwise specified in this standard shall be main­tained in accordance with the chassis original equipment manufacturer’s (OEM) body builders’ guidelines.

• Legal Requirements. The ambulance shall comply with state regulations as specified by the purchaser.
• Third-Party Certification of Test Results. The following type tests shall be required to be witnessed or performed by an independent third-party organization, that organization shall meet the requirements of this section:
  • AMD 001, Static Load Test for Ambulance Body Structure
  • AMD 006, Patient Compartment Sound Level lest
  • AMD 008, Handrail Static Load Test
  • AMD 011, Equipment Temperature Test
  • AMD 012, Interior Climate Control Test
  • AMD 016, Patient Compartment Lighting Level Test
  • AMD 018, Rear Stepping Surface Load Test
  • AMD 024, Perimeter Illumination Test
  • SAE J3026, Ambulance Patient Compartment Seating Integrity and Occupant Restraint
  • SAEJ3027, Ambulance Litter Integrity, Retention, and Patient Restraint
  • SAE J3043, Ambulance Equipment Mounts
  • SAE J3057, Ambulance Modular Body Evaluation-Quasi- Static Loading For Type I and Type III Modular Ambulance Bodies
  • SAE J3058, Ambulance Interior Storage Compartment Integrity
  • SAEJ3102, Ambulance Patient Compartment Structural Integ­rity Test to Support SAEJ302 7 Compliant Litter Systems
• Testing shall be witnessed or performed by an organiza­tion that is accredited for inspection of ambulances in accord­ance with ISO/IEC 17020, General Criteria for the Operation of Various Types of Bodies Performing Inspection, or accredited for testing ambulances to this standard in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories.
• The certification organization shall not be owned or controlled by the final-stage ambulance manufacturer.
• The certification organization shall witness all tests and shall refuse to certify any test results for a system if all compo­nents of that system requiring testing do not pass the testing required by this standard.
• Conditional, temporary, or partial certification of test results shall not be permitted.
• Forms or data sheets shall be provided and used during the testing. [1901:4.7.61
• Programs shall be in place for training, proficiency test­ing, and performance verification of any staff involved with certification. [1901:4.7.71
• Appeal Process.
• The certification organization’s operating procedures shall provide a mechanism for the manufacturer to appeal deci­sions.
• The procedures shall include provisions for the presentation of information from representatives of both sides of a controversy to a designated appeals panel.
• The third party that certifies any test results shall supply the following information on the certification organization letterhead:
  • Company or business for which the results are certified
  • Date of certification
  • Ambulance model, components, or equipment being certified
  • Certification organization and address
  • Date product tested
  • Model number and specification data
  • Applicable specification references and test requirement
  • Summary of the test report
  • A certifying statement with official signature

4.6.9* The testing facility for each certification shall supply the following supportive verification data and information on letterhead stationery in electronic format:

• Name of company or business for whom ambulance product was tested
• Report date
• Name of sample product or device
• Contractor’s address
• Serial and model number(s)
• Specification referral and amendment number(s), and test requirement(s)
• Test facilities used and location
• Test equipment used
• Test procedure
• Test results
• Verifying test data
• Photographs
• Drawings
• Test conclusion (s)
• Witness(es)
• Authorized signature

• Manufacturer Certification of Test Results.
• The ambulance manufacturer shall test and certify each ambulance according to the following standards:
  • AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test
  • AMD 010, Water Leak Test
  • AMD 015, Ambulance Main Medical Gas System Test
  • AMD 021, Aspirator System Test
  • AMD 025, Occupant Head Clearance Zones Test
  • AMD 027, Line Voltage Electrical Systems Test
• Where the standard requires a component to be tested, the ambulance manufacturer shall either test individual components themselves or rely on the component manufactur­er’s testing and certification on any individual component used in the ambulance.
• A representative of the manufacturer shall witness all tests and shall refuse to certify any test results for a system unless all components of that system requiring testing pass the testing required by this standard. [1901:4.8.11
• Conditional, temporary, or partial certification of test results shall not be permitted.
• The manufacturer shall have the facilities and equip­ment necessary to conduct the required testing, a program for the calibration of all instruments, and procedures to ensure the proper control of all testing. [1901:4.8.31
• Forms or data sheets shall be provided and used during the testing. [1901:4.8.41
• Programs shall be in place for training, proficiency test­ing, and performance verification of any personnel involved with certification. [1901:4.8.51
• An official of the company that manufactures or installs the product shall designate in writing who is qualified to witness tests and certify results. [1901:4.8.61
• Certification documentation shall be delivered with the ambulance, including results of the certification tests.
• Certification tests performed on a substantially similar ambulance shall be valid for up to 7 years or until such time as the production product changes are so significant that they no longer meet the definition of a substantially similar ambulance.
• Personnel Protection.

4.8.1* Guards, shields, or other protection shall be provided where necessary in order to prevent injury of personnel by hot, moving, or rotating parts during nonmaintenance operations. [1901:4.9.11

• Electrical insulation or isolation shall be provided where necessary in order to prevent electrical shock from onboard electrical systems. [1901:4.9.21
• Vehicular workmanship shall ensure an operating envi­ronment free of accessible sharp projections and edges. [1901:4.9.31
• Safety-related (caution, warning, danger) signs shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z535.4, Product Safety Signs and Labels.
  • Controls and Instructions.

4.9.1 Illumination shall he provided for controls, switches, gauges, and instruments necessary for the operation of the ambulance and the equipment on it.

4.9.2* All required signs, instruction plates, and labels shall be permanent in nature, securely attached, and meet the require­ments of 4.9.2.1 and ANSI/UL 969, Standard for Marking and Labeling Systems.

4.9.2.1 The signs, instruction plates, and labels shall be resist­ant to damage from the following:

• Fluids to which they will normally be exposed
• Temperatures between -30°F (-35°C) and 176°F (80°C)
• Ultraviolet radiation

4.9.2.2* The exterior-mounted labels relating to safety or criti­cal operational instructions shall be reflective or illuminated.

• Controls and Switches.

4.9.2.3.1* Controls and switches that are expected to be oper­ated by the belted driver while the ambulance is in motion shall be visible and within reach.

4.9.2.3.2 Controls and switches that are expected to be oper­ated by the belted emergency medical service provider (EMSP) while the ambulance is in motion shall be visible and within reach of the designated primary patient care position.

• Marking of switches, indicators, and control devices shall be perceptively and permanently identified with at least 3 mm high letters and/or symbol at least 10 mm by 10 mm.
• The identifications shall be contrasting colors etched or engraved in plastic or metal or printed and laminated trans­lucent plastic, grouped according to function, and mounted in illuminated or backlit panel (s) or the console.
• Component Protection.

4.10.1* Hydraulic hose lines, air system tubing, control cords, and electrical harnesses shall be mechanically attached to the frame or body structure of the ambulance.

• The types of equipment described in 4.10.1 shall be furnished with protective looms, grommets, or other devices at each point where they pass through body panels or structural members or wherever they lie against a sharp metal edge.
• A through-the-frame connector shall be permitted to be used in place of protective looms or grommets.

4.11* Ambulance Performance.

4.11.1* Where temperature requirements are not otherwise specified, the ambulance shall be designed to function in ambi­ent temperature conditions between 0°F (-18°C) to 110°F (43°C).

4.11.1.1 All interior systems, components, and permanently attached equipment shall function satisfactorily over a tempera­ture range of 32°F to 95°F (0°C to 35°C).

• Compliance of the equipment function shall be vali­dated by testing a substantially similar ambulance in accord­ance with AMD 011, Equipment Temperature Test.
• The ambulance and all systems, components, and equipment shall be capable of being stored at an ambient temperature between 32°F and 95°F (0°C to 35°C) without damage or deterioration.
• The ambulance shall be capable of being driven for at least 250 mi (402 km) without refueling.
• The vehicle shall be capable of three fordings without water entering patient and equipment compartments while being driven through a minimum of 8 in. (203 mm) of water, at speeds of 5 mph (8 km/hr), for a distance of at least 100 ft (30 m).
• Road Performance.
• When loaded to its gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR), the ambulance shall be capable of meeting the following performance criteria on dry, paved roads that are in good condition:
  • From a standing start, the ambulance shall be able to attain a speed of 55 mph (88 km/hr) within 25 seconds on a level road.
  • The ambulance shall be able to maintain a speed of at least 5 mph (8 km/hr) on any grade up to 35 percent.
  • The ambulance shall be able to maintain a speed of at least 55 mph (88 km/hr) on any grade up to 3 percent.
• The determination of road performance shall be made by actual test or OEM-certified computer prediction.

4.12.3* The ambulance shall be capable of a sustained speed of not less than 65 mph (105 km/hr) over dry, hard-surfaced, level roads, at sea level, and a passing speed of 70 mph (112 km/hr) when tested under normal ambient conditions.

•  
• Special Tools.
• Where special tools are required for routine service on any component of the ambulance, such tools shall be provi­ded with the ambulance.
• Where the purchaser is purchasing multiple ambu­lances under the same contract, the purchaser shall specify the number of tools required.
• Ambulance components that interfere with repair or removal of other major components shall be attached with fasteners, such as cap screws and nuts, so that the components can be removed and installed with ordinary hand tools.
• These components shall not be welded or otherwise permanendy secured in place.
• Tests on Delivery.
• If acceptance tests are conducted at the point of deliv­ery, they shall not be performed in a manner that requires the ambulance or a component to operate outside its designed operating range.
• Certification from OEM and individual equipment manufacturers are acceptable, provided they are not altered.

4.15* Documentation. Any documentation delivered with the ambulance shall be permitted to be in printed format, elec­tronic format, audiovisual format, or a combination thereof.

4.16 Data Required of Contractor.

• Ambulance Documentation. The contractor shall deliver with the ambulance at least one copy of the following documents:
  • The manufacturer’s record of ambulance construction details, including the following information:
    • Owner’s name and address
    • Ambulance manufacturer, model, and serial number
    • Chassis make, model, and vehicle identification number (VIN)
    • GAWR of front and rear axles and GVWR
    • Front tire size and total rated capacity in pounds (kilograms)
    • Rear tire size and total rated capacity in pounds (kilograms)
    • Type of fuel and fuel tank capacity
    • Electrical system voltage and alternator output in amps
    • Paint manufacturer and paint number(s)

(j) Company name and signature of responsible

company representative (k) Documents from a certified scale showing curb weight on the front axle and rear axle(s) (without personnel and equipment)

• Certification of compliance of the optical warning system (see 7.9.16)
• Siren manufacturer’s certification of the siren (see 7.10.1.1)
• Written load analysis and results of the electrical system performance tests
• Certification of slip resistance of all exterior stepping, standing, and walking surfaces

• Operations and Service Documentation.
• The contractor shall deliver with the ambulance at least one set of complete operation and service documentation covering the completed ambulance as delivered and accepted.
• The documentation shall address at least the inspec­tion, service, and operations of the ambulance and all major components thereof.

4.16.2.3* The contractor shall also deliver with the ambulance the following documentation for the entire ambulance and each major operating system or major component of the ambu­lance:

• Manufacturer’s name and address
• Country of manufacture
• Source for service and technical information
• Parts replacement information
• Descriptions, specifications, and ratings of the chassis
• Wiring diagrams for low voltage and line voltage ambulance-specific systems to include the following information:
  • Circuit logic for all electrical components and wiring
  • Circuit identification
  • Connector pin identification
  • Zone location of electrical components
  • Safety interlocks
  • Alternator battery power distribution circuits

(g) Input/output assignment sheets or equivalent circuit logic implemented in multiplexing systems

• Lubrication charts
• Operating instructions for the chassis and any major components
• Instructions regarding the frequency and procedure for recommended maintenance
• Overall ambulance operating instructions
• Safety considerations
• Limitations of use
• Inspection procedures
• Recommended service procedures
• Troubleshooting guide
• Ambulance body, chassis, and other component manu­facturer’s warranties
• Special data required by this standard
• Safety data sheet (SDS) for any fluid that is specified for use on the ambulance module

4.16.3 Certification and Payload Signage.

4.16.3.1* All ambulances shall have a certification and payload label as shown in Figure 4.16.3.1.

• The label shall be mounted on the body (module) interior in a conspicuous location.
• The calculation of the usable payload listed on the label shall also be provided with the ambulance.

4.17 Statement of Exceptions. The entity responsible for final assembly of the ambulance shall deliver with the ambulance a certification that the ambulance, at the time of delivery, complies with the minimum requirements of this standard or, when exceptions to this standard are required by the purchaser, a statement of exceptions shall be provided and attached to the owner’s manual.

FIGURE 4.16.3.1 Certification and Payload Label.

4.17.1 The statement of exceptions shall contain for each exception a separate listing of the section(s) of the applicable standard for which an exception has occurred.

Ambulance Data

Total occupant weight minus 175 times number of designated seating positions (lb or kg)

This ambulance is certified by the manufacturer to conform to the edition of NFPA 1917, Standard for Automotive Ambulances, in effect on the date the ambulance is contracted for, subject to any applicable statement of exception as mandated by this standard.

*Usable cargo/equipment capacity is the weight of the loose equipment and cot(s) as defined by NFPA 1917 that can be carried in this ambulance without exceeding the GVWR.

Chapter 5 Chassis

• Carrying Capacity.
• The manufacturer shall design the ambulance so that the completed ambulance, when loaded to its required gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) with all loose equipment distrib­uted to its intended in-service configuration, does not exceed the GVWR or gross axle weight rating (GAWR) of the chassis using the method and values specified in Table 5.1.1.
• The manufacturer shall establish the required GVWR during the design of the ambulance using the method and values specified in Table 5.1.1.
•  

5.1.3.1 The ambulance manufacturer shall provide a high- visibility label in a location visible to the driver while seated.

5.1.3.2* The label shall show the height of the completed ambulance in feet and inches (meters) and the GVWR in tons and pounds (metric tons and kilograms).

• Weight Distribution.

5.2.1 Longitudinal Weight Distribution. When the ambulance is loaded to its GVWR, the front-to-rear weight distribution and vertical center of gravity shall be within the limits set by the chassis manufacturer.

5.2.2* Lateral Weight Distribution. The vehicle, when loaded to its GVWR, shall have a side-to-side tire load variation of no more than 5 percent of the total tire load for that axle.

Table 5.1.1 Required GVWR Calculation

• The front axle loads shall not be less than the minimum axle loads specified by the chassis manufacturer under full load and all other loading conditions.
• Vehicle and component ratings shall be the manufactur­er’s published ratings and shall not be modified without written authorization from the OEM.
• Each ambulance’s payload capacity (horizontal, lateral, and vertical center of gravity) shall be calculated.
• Horizontal and vertical payload capacity shall be deter­mined by completing a National Truck Equipment Association (NTEA) UltraMod spreadsheet (available atww.ntea.com).
• A copy of the UltraMod spreadsheet and the lateral payload calculation shall be included with the ambulance docu­mentation, along with the following calculations:
  • Completed vehicle at curb weight
  • 171 lb (78 kg) at the horizontal, lateral, and vertical center of each patient location and at the designated H- point of each seating position
  • The maximum remaining cargo/equipment capacity located at the horizontal, lateral, and vertical dimension center of the patient compartment that does not result in weights that exceed the vehicle’s weight rating capacities
• Engine and Engine System Design.
• Cold Start Performance Requirements.
• Indicators shall be provided to alert the driver to high engine temperature or low oil pressure conditions.
• An engine hour meter shall be provided.
• Engine Speed Auxiliary Control Device.

5.4.1* An engine speed auxiliary control device (high-idle switch, throttle, or automatic voltage monitor) shall be instal­led to allow an increase in the engine speed to no more than 1600 revolutions per minute when the ambulance is parked, unless the ambulance’s patient compartment primary source of low voltage electrical power is an independent generator.

5.4.2 An interlock shall prevent the operation of the engine speed auxiliary control device unless the parking brake is engaged and the transmission is in neutral or park, or the park­ing brake is engaged and the engine is disengaged from the drive wheels.

• Exhaust System.
• The exhaust piping and discharge outlet shall be located or shielded so as not to expose any portion of the ambulance or equipment to excessive heating.
• Where parts of the exhaust system are exposed so that they are likely to cause injury to operating personnel, protec­tive guards shall be provided.
• The tailpipe outlet shall not terminate within 12 in. (300 mm) of the vertical axis of the fuel fill opening, medical gas storage, or patient entry doors where these features are located on the same side of the vehicle.
• Braking System.

5.6.1 Where air-actuated braking systems are provided, they shall include the following:

(1) An automatic moisture ejector

• An air dryer
• A pressure protection valve to prevent all air-operated accessories from drawing air from the air brake system when the air system’s pressure drops below a pressure setting no lower than 80 psi (550 kPa)

5.6.2* Any time a secondary braking device such as transmis­sion retarders or exhaust restriction devices are used, they shall have a switch to turn them off during adverse road conditions.

5.7.1* With the exception of the OEM’s furnished and in­stalled components, the ambulance shall provide not less than the following clearance, measured in accordance with SAE J689, Curbstone Clearance, Approach, Departure, and Ramp Break­over Angles:

• Approach angle of 10 degrees
• Ramp breakover of 10 degrees
• Departure angle of 10 degrees

5.7.2* A traction control feature shall be provided.

• Shock absorbers shall be furnished on the front and rear axles.
• Any ambulance with an air-ride suspension shall include an air dryer and automatic heated moisture ejection device to ensure that the air system is provided with dry air to protect the suspension control components.
• Wheels and Tires.
• Hub caps or wheel covers shall be removable without loosening the lug nuts so that wheels can be observed for daily inspection.
• Tires shall be matched to vehicle performance in terms of traction, load-carrying ability, rolling diameter, and speed rating.
• Mud Flaps.
• Mud flaps, at least as wide as the tire(s), shall be provi­ded behind the front and rear wheels.
• Mud flaps shall be permitted to be incorporated into the running boards.
• Bodies designed with wheel openings shall have the rear wheels centered, within ±2 in. (±52 mm) of those openings.

5.8.5* Each tire shall be equipped with a visual indicator or monitoring system that indicates tire pressure.

5.9* Vehicle Stability. If the ambulance is equipped with a stability control system, the system shall have a steering wheel position sensor, a vehicle yaw sensor, a lateral accelerometer, and individual wheel brake controls.

5.10* Bumpers. The rear of the ambulance shall be furnished with a bumper that extends to within 6 in. (152 mm) of each side of the ambulance.

• The rear bumper shall be secured to the vehicle’s chas­sis frame.
• The rear bumper of Type I and Type III vehicles shall be provided with an integrated step.
• The step shall be designed to prevent the accumulation of mud, ice, or snow and shall be made of anti-skid open grating material.
• The step shall not be located or exposed to the interior of the ambulance when the door(s) is closed.
• The step shall be at least the width of the door opening for which it is provided.
• The stepping surface shall have a minimum depth of 5 in. (127 mm) and a maximum depth of 10 in. (254 mm).
• If the step protrudes more than 7 in. (178 mm) from the reai’ of the vehicle, a fold-up step shall be furnished.

5.10.8* Stepping Surface.

• The rear stepping surface shall withstand a load of 500 lb (227 kg) with no more than 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) of deflec­tion or 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) of permanent deformation.
• Compliance of the rear step surface shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambulance or bumper and step structure in accordance with Section AMD 018, Rear Stepping Surface Load Test.
• The distance from the road surface to the top surface of the first step at the rear bumper shall not exceed 22 in. (559 mm) with the vehicle loaded to its GVWR and/or the suspension in the kneeling condition.
• Steps shall be provided in the door openings.
• Step wells shall be illuminated.
• Step surfaces shall be constructed with anti-slip mate­rial.

5.10.8.7* All steps shall have a minimum area of 35 in.² (22,580 mm²) and shall be of such a shape that a 5 in. (125 mm) diameter disk does not overlap any side when placed on the step.

• Cab Seal.
• If the cab and the patient compartment are separate enclosures, the cab shall be provided with a sealing device.
• The seal shall be fabricated from a material resistant to ozone, sunlight, oil, and fungus.
• The seal shall remain flexible in temperatures between -20°F and 110°F (-29°C and 43°C).
• The seal shall be designed for proper fit and finish and be able to absorb lateral, vertical, and torsional displacement due to body/cab movement.
• Front Seats.
• Front cab seating for the driver and at least one passen­ger shall be provided.
• The driver’s seat shall have the OEM’s full, unobstruc­ted seat track travel range of longitudinal adjustment and a minimum of 30 percent of the range of inclination, but not less than the angle furnished on the OEM’s standard nonreclining high back seat.

5.13* Mirrors.

• Dual side view mirrors having a combination flat and convex mirror system shall be furnished.
• All primary side view mirrors used by the driver shall be adjustable from the driver’s position.
• Hardware and mirror heads shall have a corrosion- resistant exterior finish.

5.14 Cab Integrity. Cabs on ambulances with a GVWR greater than 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) shall meet the requirements of SAE J2420, COE Frontal Strength Evaluation — Dynamic Loading Heavy Trucks, and SAE J2422, Cab Roof Strength Evaluation — Quasi- Static Loading Heavy Trucks.

Chapter 6 Patient Compartment

• Padent Compartment Configuration. The patient compartment shall provide a minimum of 275 ft³ (7.7 m³) of space, less volume for cabinets, while complying with 6.1.2 and 6.1.3.

6.1.1* Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) mounts shall not be located in the patient compartment.

6.1.2 The distance from the rear door to the edge of the cot mattress shall be determined by the AHJ.

6.1.3* The compartment shall provide a clear aisle walkway on at least one side of the patient cot.

• If the body is of modular construction, it shall be mounted per the allowed and/or recommended methods of the chassis manufacturer.
• Structural Integrity — Roof Loading.
• Any Type I, Type I-AD, Type III, or Type III AD ambu­lance body shall meet the performance requirements of SAE J3057, Ambulance Modular Body Evaluation-Quasi-Static Loading For Type I and Type III Modular Ambulance Bodies.
• Any Type II ambulance with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb or less shall meet the performance requirements described in FMVSS 216a, Roof crush resistance.
• Any Type II ambulance with a gross vehicle weight rating of greater than 10,000 lb shall meet the performance require­ments described in AMD 001, Static Load Test for Ambulance Body Structure.
• Body Sealing.
• Sealing Out Water.
• There shall be no water leakage into the cab, any exte­rior compartment, or the patient compartment.
• Compliance of the body sealing out water shall be vali­dated by the manufacturer by testing each finished ambulance in accordance with AMD 010, Water Leak Test.
• Sealing Out Exhaust Gas.

6.4.2.1 The body shall be sealed and vented so that the inte­rior carbon monoxide level does not exceed 10 ppm of carbon monoxide (CO).

6.4.2.2 The patient compartment shall include a listed CO detector in accordance with ANSI/UL 2034, Standard for Safety, Single and Multiple Station Carbon Monoxide Alarms.

• Wheel Housings.
• Wheel housings of modular bodies shall include splash shields between the body wheel housing and the wheels, extending over the top of the tires to the bottom of the body side skirting.
• Wheel housing openings shall allow for tire chain usage and easy tire removal and service and conform to SAE J683, Tire Chain Clearance — Trucks, Buses (Except Suburban, Intercity, and Transit Buses), and Combinations of Vehicles.
• The OEM’s standard wheel housings on Type II ambu­lances shall be acceptable.
• Padent Compartment to Cab Parddon.
• A bulkhead partition shall be provided between the cab and the patient compartment.
• The partition (s) shall be located behind the driver’s seat and the cab passenger seat when in the rearmost position and the seat back is reclined a minimum of 15 degrees.
• The partition shall extend from the floor to the ceiling.
• The partition shall be wide enough to cover the width of each cab seat excluding arm rests.

6.6.5* The cab and body bulkheads shall have an aligned window opening of at least 150 in.² (96,780 mm²) or other means of visual and hands-free audio communication.

• If so equipped, a window in the cab or body shall be of the sliding type, aligned, and connected with the modular body window opening.
• The window shall be a transparent, shatterproof panel, which is latchable from the cab side.
• Access Handrails or Handholds.

6.7.1* Interior or exterior access handrails or handholds shall be provided at each entrance to a driving or crew compartment and at each position where steps or ladders for climbing are located.

• An overhead handrail shall be provided on the ceiling of the patient compartment.
• Exterior access handrails shall be between 1 in. and 1% in. (25 mm and 42 mm) in diameter and have a minimum clearance between the handrails and any surface of at least 2 in. (50 mm).
• All exterior and interior access handrails shall be designed and mounted to reduce the possibility of hand slip­page and to avoid snagging of equipment or clothing.
• Access handrails supplied by the chassis manufacturer on a commercial chassis shall be permitted to be used to meet the requirements of this section.
• Handrail Testing.

6.7.6.1 Handrails shall withstand a force of 300 lb (136 kg) applied in any direction without detaching, loosening, or permanendy deforming.

6.7.6.2 Compliance of the handrail shall be validated by test­ing a substantially similar ambulance or body structure in accordance with AMD 008, Handrail Static Load Test.

• Patient Compartment Entry Doors.
  • The patient compartment shall be equipped with at least one primary access door opening with minimum dimensions of 44 in. (1117 mm) wide by 46 in. (1168 mm) high.
  • Door handles shall be designed and installed to protect against accidental or inadvertent opening.
  • Entry doors and door openings shall be designed to minimize inadvertent snagging of apparel.
  • Door latches, hinges, and hardware furnished by OEMs and final-stage ambulance manufacturers (FSAMs) shall meet the performance requirements of 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 206.
  • When doors are open, the hinges and latches shall not protrude into the access area.
  • Doors shall be equipped with a hold-open device.
  • One externally operated lock for each door opening shall be provided.

6.8.8* An internal lock on each patient compartment primary entry door shall be provided.

• All patient compartment entry door locks shall be identi­cally keyed.
• Patient loading doors shall be equipped with not less than 250 in.² (161,300 mm²) of safety glass area per door.
• Doors shall be designed to prevent leakage of exhaust fumes, dust, water, and air into the patient compartment.
  • Means of Egress.

6.9.1 Any interior area to be occupied by personnel shall have a minimum of two means of egress.

6.9.2* Each means of egress opening shall be a minimum of 30 in. (762 mm) by 46 in. (1168 mm).

• Secondary egress doors shall not be blocked by patient compartment structures that would prevent the unloading of a patient on a backboard.
• The egress and cot loading doors shall have a secondary emergency release mechanism.

• Exterior Stepping Surfaces and Interior Steps.

• All materials used for exterior surfaces designated as stepping, standing, and walking areas and all interior steps shall have a minimum slip resistance in any orientation of 0.68 when tested wet using the English XL tester in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions or 0.52 when tested wet using the Brungraber Mark II tester in accordance with the manufac­turer’s instructions.
• A standard Neolite® test sensor shall be used with both the English XL tester and the Brungraber Mark II tester.
• Sampling Strategy.

6.10.3.1 For uniformly patterned materials, at least 16 read­ings shall be taken on each sample.

• Each reading shall be taken 90 degrees clockwise from the previous orientation, resulting in at least four read­ings in each orientation.
• The readings shall be averaged and reported as the slip resistance for the material.

6.10.3.2 For directionally patterned materials, at least 32 read­ings shall be taken on each sample.

• Each reading shall be taken 45 degrees clockwise from the previous orientation, resulting in at least four read­ings in each orientation.
• The four readings in each direction shall be aver­aged and reported as the slip resistance for the material in that orientation.
  • Exterior S torage.
• All exterior compartment doors shall have latches with locks that hold the door in a closed position.
• All hinged doors wider than 14 in. (356 mm) and excluding battery compartments shall have positive hold-open devices that permit one-hand closure.
• Hardware shall be rust resistant.
• All primary exterior compartment doors shall have latches with locks.
• The interior of all exterior compartments greater than 4 ft³ (0.11 m³) shall be automatically illuminated when a door is opened and meet the requirements of 7.11.7.1.
• All surfaces shall be nonabsorbent.
  •  

6.12.1* The patient compartment floor shall be flat, except where the area near the rear entrance door is sloped for a lower entering height.

• With the exception of cot retention hardware, the floor shall be free of obstructions in the door(s) access and work area.
• The floor shall be designed to eliminate voids or pock­ets where water or moisture can become trapped.
• The subfloor construction shall cover the full length and width of the patient compartment.
• If plywood is used in the subfloor, it shall be marine or exterior grade.
• If the ambulance has a modular body, the subfloor shall be designed to prevent water penetration.
• Body Floor Structural Integrity.
  • If the subfloor is constructed of plywood, the plywood shall have an American Plywood Association (APA) floor rating of 16 in. (406 mm) on center or better.
  • If the subfloor is constructed of other than plywood, it shall be tested using a 1 in. (25 mm) disk and have a maxi­mum of 0.125 in. (3 mm) deflection at 200 lb (91 kg) force and a minimum ultimate load of 400 lb (181 kg) for a 16 in. (406 mm) on center load.
    • The maximum floor structure spacing shall be used for testing.
    • Compliance of the floor structural integrity shall be validated by testing the midpoint of the longest unsupported section of a substantially similar ambulance or floor structure in accordance with the concentrated static load test procedure in ASTM E661, Standard Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads.

6.12.7.2.2.1 If panel joints occur at the maximum span loca­tion, they shall be present in the test sample as a worst-case scenario.

6.12.7.3 A drawing of the floor structure and fastening sched­ule of the subfloor material to the structure shall be required in the certification report.

• Floor Covering.
  • Floor covering shall be nonpermeable and seamless.
  • The floor covering shall cover the entire length and width of the compartment’s exposed floor.
  • Joints where the floor covering meets the sidewalls shall be sealed and bordered with corrosion-resistant cove molding, or the floor covering shall extend at least 3 in. (76 mm) up the sidewalls.
• • Where the patient compartment is insulated, it shall be insulated with a nonsettling type, verminproof, mildewproof, nontoxic, and nonhygroscopic material that meets the require­ments of 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 302.
  • If fiberglass insulation is used, it shall be protected from exposure to water.

6.15* Interior Storage.

• The interior of the patient compartment shall provide enclosed storage space.
• Compartment(s) under the floor that have opening panel(s) inside the patient compartment shall not be accepta­ble.
• Where furnished, top-opening squad bench lids shall be fitted with an automatic hold-open device and a quick- release slam-type latching device when closed.
• Storage compartment door handles, where provided, shall not protrude more than 1 in. (25 mm) if located 14 in. (356 mm) or higher above the floor and shall not protrude more than 2 in. (51 mm) if located lower than 14 in. (356 mm) or higher above the floor.
• Doors shall be designed to remain closed during trans­port.

6.15.6* Storage compartments shall be fastened to the body structure.

• The securing mechanism of those interior storage compartments, if provided, shall be capable of being accessed under the same reach condition.
• Each interior storage compartment shall be perma- nendy labeled with its maximum load capacity.

6.15.9 Each storage compartment shall be tested in accord­ance with the requirements described in SAE J3058, Ambulance Interior Storage Compartment Integrity.

• Interior Surfaces.

6.16.1 Exposed edges on the interior of the patient compart­ment shall have a radius of curvature of not less than %2 in. (2.5 mm).

6.16.2* The finish of the entire patient compartment and exterior storage, including interiors of storage cabinets, shall be as follows:

• Impervious to soap, water, body fluids, and disinfectants
• Mildew resistant
• Fire resistant in compliance with 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 302
• Able to be cleaned and disinfected

• Countertop horizontal surface shall be seamless and impervious to contaminants.
• All edges that meet vertical cabinets shall be sealed.
• Countertop horizontal surfaces shall be surrounded by a lip of not less than 14 in. (12 mm) in height.
• Equipment Mounting.
• Medical Supplies and Equipment Storage Mounting.

Supplies, devices, tools, and other equipment shall be stored in enclosed compartments or fastened to secure them during vehicle motion.

• Equipment weighing 3 lb (1.36 kg) or more stored in a driving or patient compartment shall be mounted or contained in an enclosed compartment.

6.17.2.1 Equipment mounts or retention devices shall meet the performance requirements of SAEJ3043, Ambulance Equip­ment Mounts.

• Built-in communication devices installed in the patient compartment shall be within reach of EMSPs while seated and restrained in the designated primary patient care seat.

6.18* Waste and Sharps Disposal. A receptacle for general waste and an OSHA-compliant container for sharps disposal shall be provided in the patient compartment.

6.18.1 Containers for contaminated sharps shall be within reach of EMSPs while remaining seated and restrained in the designated primary patient care seat.

• Fire Extinguishers. One 5 lb ABC fire extinguisher shall be mounted in the vehicle using a SAE J3043, Ambulance Equip­ment Mounts, compliant quick-release bracket and be accessible within the patient compartment.
• Holder for Intravenous Fluid Containers.
• One mounted device specifically designed for holding and securing an IV fluid container against accidental release during normal transport activity shall be provided.
• The device shall not protrude more than 1.0 in. (25 mm) in the closed position.
• Patient Compartment Seats.

6.21.1* Seat Integrity. Any seat mounted in a patient compartment shall meet the performance requirements speci-

• The floor substructure shall be tested in accordance with SAE J 3102, Ambulance Patient Compartment Structural Integ­rity Test to Support SAE J3027 Compliant Litter Systems.
• Cot and infant transporters shall only be used with the required fastener assembly and occupant restraint systems as prescribed by the litter/transporter manufacturer.

6.23* HVAC. Connecting hoses for the heating and air- conditioning system shall be supported by rubber-insulated metal clamping devices at least every 18 in. (457 mm).

•  
• A heating system shall be provided that is capable of raising the interior temperature from 32°F to 68°F (0°C to 20°C) within 30 minutes.
• Compliance of the heating system shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambulance in accordance with AMD 012, Interior Climate Control Test.
• Air Conditioning.
• An air-conditioning system shall be provided that is capable of lowering the interior temperature from 95°F to 78°F (35°C to 25°C) at a minimum of 40 percent relative humidity within 30 minutes.
• Compliance of the air-conditioning system shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambulance in accord­ance with AMD 012, Interior Climate Control Test.
•  
• A patient care compartment air exhaust fan shall be provided.
• Ventilation shall be separately controlled within the cab and the patient compartment.
• Fresh air intakes shall be provided and shall not be located near the engine exhaust outlet.

6.24 Interior Noise.

• The interior sound level in the patient compartment shall not exceed 80 decibels.
• Compliance of the patient compartment interior sound level shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambu­lance in accordance with AMD 006, Patient Compartment Sound Level Test.

6.25* Reflective Striping.

6.25.1* A retroreflective stripe, a combination of retroreflec- tive stripes, or Battenburg markings shall be affixed to the ambulance in the following proportions:

• 25 percent of the length of each of the cab side surfaces when approached from each side
• 75 percent of the length of each patient compartment side surfaces when approached from each side

• The stripe or combination of stripes shall be a mini­mum of 6 in. (152 mm) in total vertical width.
• The 6 in. (152 mm) wide stripe or combination of stripes shall be permitted to be interrupted by objects (e.g., receptacles, cracks between slats in roll-up doors), provided the full stripe is conspicuous as the ambulance is approached.
• A retroreflective graphic design shall be permitted to replace all or part of the required striping material on the front and sides of the vehicle if the design or combination thereof covers at least the same surface area as required by 6.25.1.
• Any vertically hinged door shall have at least 60 in.² (38,710 mm²) of retroreflective material affixed to the inside of the door.

6.25.6* At least 50 percent of the rear-facing vertical surfaces other than glass and lenses, visible when facing from the rear of the ambulance, shall be equipped with retroreflective material.

• Where chevrons are used, each stripe in the chevron shall be a single color alternating between two high-contrast colors.
• Each stripe shall be 6 in. (152 mm) in width.
• Where Battenburg markings are used, each box in the Battenburg markings shall be 144 in.² (92,903 mm²).
• All retroreflective material shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D4956, Standard Specification for Retrore­flective Sheeting for Traffic Control, Section 6.1.1, for Type I Sheet- ing.
• All retroreflective materials that are colors not listed in ASTM D4956, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, Section 6.1.1, shall have a minimum coefficient of retroreflection of 10 with an observation angle of 0.2 degrees and an entrance angle of-4 degrees.
• Any printed or processed retroreflective film construc­tion shall conform to the standards required of an integral colored film as specified in ASTM D4956, Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control, Section 6.1.1.
• Metal Finish. Where dissimilar metals that pose a galvanic corrosion or reactive threat are to be mounted together, the mounting base material shall have an isolation barrier prior to assembly to prevent dissimilar metal reaction.
•  
• All exposed ferrous metal surfaces that are not plated or stainless steel shall be cleaned, prepared, and painted or coated.
• The paint or coating, including any primer, shall be applied in accordance with the paint or coating manufacturer’s recommendation.
• Medical Gas — Main Supply and Installation.
• The ambulance shall have a medical gas system capable of supplying a minimum of 793 gal (3000 L) of medical gas.
• If a compressed gas cylinder is used, a cylinder- changing wrench shall be secured within the medical gas stor­age compartment.

6.28.3* All medical gas system controls shall be accessible from inside the vehicle.

• A medical gas-capacity indicator shall be visible from the designated primary patient care seating position.
• The medical gas port shall be accessible from the desig­nated primary patient care seating position.
• The purchaser shall specify the quantity and location of medical gas ports.
• Medical gas system shall include the following:
  • A pressure regulator
  • Low pressure, electrically conductive hose and fittings approved for medical gas
  • Medical gas piping that is concealed and not exposed to the elements, securely supported to prevent damage, and readily accessible for inspection and replacement
  • Medical gas that is piped to a medical gas port with a minimum flow rate of 26.4 gpm (100 L/min) at the outlet
  • Outlet(s) that is marked and identified and does not interfere with the suction outlet
• Medical gas and suction ports shall be within reach of EMSPs while remaining seated and restrained in the designa­ted primary patient care position.
• Medical Gas Pressure Regulator.
• The medical gas pressure reducing and regulating valve system shall be provided with the following features:
  • An inlet filter at the cylinder
  • A line relief valve set at 200 psi (1380 kPa) maximum
  • A gauge or digital monitor with a minimum range of 0 psi to 2500 psi (0 kPa to 17,237 kPa) graduated in not more than 100 psi (690 kPa) increments
  • A locking adjustment preset at 50 psi ± 2 psi (345 kPa ± 14 kPa) line pressure
• The regulator shall meet the performance required by 6.28.9.3 at an inlet pressure range from 150 psi to 2500 psi (1034 kPa to 17,237 kPa).
• With the regulator set at 50 psi ± 2 psi (345 kPa ±14 kPa), a 26.4 gpm (100 L/min) minimum flow rate shall be available at all medical gas ports.
• Medical Gas Tank Storage.
• Storage for an “M” or “H” size main medical gas cylinder shall be accessible for replacement from an outside position.
• Any exterior medical gas compartment, if so equipped, shall be provided with at least 9 in.² (580 mm²) of open vent to dissipate or vent leaking medical gas to the outside of the ambulance.
• Medical gas cylinder compartment shall not be utilized for storage of any other equipment and shall be labeled “Medical Gas Storage Only.”
• Medical Gas Tank Retendon.
• A medical gas cylinder(s) shall be mounted with a restraining device(s) that meets the requirements of SAE J3043, Ambulance Equipmen t Mounts, in the lateral and longitudi­nal directions.
• Compliance of the medical gas tank retention device, in the lateral and longitudinal directions, shall be vali­dated by testing a sample retention device using a substantially similar ambulance or body structure in accordance with the testing requirements of SAE J3043, Ambulance Equipment Mounts.
• A medical gas cylinder(s) shall be mounted with a restraining device (s) that meets the requirements of AMD 003, Oxygen Tank Retention System Static Test, in the vertical direction.
• Compliance with the medical gas retention device in the vertical direction shall be validated by testing a sample retention device using a substantially similar ambulance or body structure in accordance with the testing requirements of AMD 003, Oxygen Tank Retention System Static Test.

6.28.12 Medical Gas System Integrity.

• The medical gas system of each ambulance shall be tested prior to delivery in accordance with AMD 015, Ambulance Main Medical Gas System Test.
• The medical gas system shall lose no more than 5 psi (34 kPa) of pressure in a 2-hour period.
• Each port shall be capable of delivering at least 26.4 gpm (100 L/min) of medical gas.
• A label shall be provided near the medical gas tank stating the following:

The integrity of this medical gas system was tested in accord­ance with NFPA 1917 and meets the requirements thereof.

• The label shall be signed and dated by an author­ized representative of the ambulance manufacturer or test agency.

6.29 Sucdon Aspirator.

• A mountable battery-powered or electrically powered suction aspirator system shall be furnished.
• The vacuum control, vacuum indicator, and collection bottle or bag shall be located so that it can be operated from a position near the head of the patient.
• Any permanently mounted suction pump shall be loca­ted in an area that is accessible for service.
• Any permanently mounted suction pump shall be vented to the vehicle’s exterior.
• A vacuum control and a shutoff valve, or combination thereof, shall be provided to adjust vacuum levels.
• A vacuum indicator gauge graduated at least every 2 in. (51 mm) Hg and a minimum total range of 0 in. to 30 in. (0 mm to 762 mm) Hg shall be provided.
• The collection bottle or bag shall be shatter resistant and transparent with a minimum 0.26 gal (1000 ml) capacity.
• The minimum inside diameter for the suction tubing connectors shall be at least’/, in. (6.4 mm).
• Aspirator System Performance.
• The aspirator system shall provide a free airflow of at least 1.06 ft³/min (30 L/min).
• The aspirator system shall achieve a minimum of 5.8 psi (300 mm) Hg vacuum within 4 seconds after the suction tube is closed.
• Compliance of the aspirator system shall be validated by the manufacturer by testing each individual aspirator system installed in accordance with AMD 021, Aspirator System Test.

Chapter 7 Low Voltage Electrical Systems and Warning Devices

7.1* General. Any low voltage electrical systems or warning devices installed on the ambulance shall be appropriate for the mounting location and intended electrical load and shall meet the specific requirements of Chapter 7.

• Printed Circuits.
• Where printed circuits are utilized, they shall conform to IPC A-610F, Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies.
• Printed circuit assemblies installed by the FSAM shall comply with IPC A-610F, Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies, Clas­sification 1.4.1.
• Electrical System Performance Tests. The low voltage electrical system performance test shall be done in accordance with AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test.

7.2 Wiring.

• All electrical circuit wiring supplied and installed by the ambulance manufacturer shall meet the requirements of
• through 7.2.1.6.

7.2.1.1* The circuit feeder wire shall be stranded copper or copper alloy conductors of a gauge rated to carry 125 percent of the maximum current for which the circuit is protected. [1901:13.2.11

• Voltage drops in all wiring from the power source to the load shall not exceed 5 percent of the nominal source volt­age.
• The installation of star washers by the final-stage ambu­lance manufacturer for circuit ground connections shall not be permitted.
• All circuits shall otherwise be wired in conformance with SAEJ2202, Heavy Duty Wiring Systems for On-Highway Trucks.
• Only electrical components direcdy related to the delivery of onboard medical gas and other circuits needed for required lighting or medical gas tank lifts shall terminate in the medical gas storage compartment.
• Electrical harnesses or wires that pass through the medical gas compartment shall be enclosed in conduit.
• Wiring and W⁷ire Harness Construction.

7.2.2.1 All insulated wire and cable shall conform to SAE J1127, Low Voltage Battery Cable, or SAE J1128, Low Voltage Primary Cable, type SXL and/or GXL.

• All conductors shall be constructed in accordance with SAE J1127 or SAE J1128, except where good engineering practice dictates special strand construction. [1901:13.2.2.1.11
• Conductor materials and stranding, other than copper, shall be permitted if all applicable requirements for physical, electrical, and environmental conditions are met as dictated by the end application. [1901:13.2.2.1.21
• Physical and dimensional values of conductor insula­tion shall be in conformance with the requirements of SAE J1127 or SAE J1128, except where good engineering practice dictates special conductor insulation. [1901:13.2.2.1.31
• The overall covering of conductors or jacketed cables shall be moisture-resistant loom or braid that has a minimum continuous rating of 300°F (149°C).
• The overall covering of jacketed cables shall be mois­ture resistant and have a minimum continuous temperature rating of 300°F (149°C).
• All wiring connections and terminations shall use a method that provides a positive mechanical and electrical connection. [1901:13.2.41
• The wiring connections and terminations shall be installed in accordance with the device manufacturer’s instruc­tions. [1901:13.2.4.11
• Wire nut, insulation displacement, and insulation piercing connections shall not be used. [1901:13.2.4.31
• All ungrounded electrical terminals and electrical panels shall have protective covers or be in enclosures.
• A minimum 6 in. (152 mm) service loop of wire or harness shall be provided at all electrical components, termi­nals, and connection points.
• Exterior connections for lights and fixtures shall utilize sealed connectors or sealed splices.
• W’iring Protection.
• Wiring shall be restrained to prevent damage caused by chafing or ice buildup and protected against heat, liquid contaminants, or other environmental factors. [1901:13.2.51
• Wiring shall not be secured to brake lines and/or fuel lines.

7.2.2.9* Wiring Identification. Wiring shall be uniquely iden­tified at least every 4 in. (101 mm) by color coding or perma­nent marking with a circuit function code and the wire referenced on a wiring diagram as listed in 4.16.2.3(6).

• Circuit Protection.
• Circuits shall be provided with rated low voltage overcurrent protective devices.
• Such devices shall be accessible and protected against heat in excess of the overcurrent device’s design range, mechanical damage, and water spray.
• Circuit protection shall be accomplished by utiliz­ing fuses, circuit breakers, fusible links, or solid state equivalent devices. [1901:13.2.7.21
• If a mechanical-type device is used, it shall conform to one of the following SAE standards:
  • SAE J156, Fusible Links
  • SAEJ553, Circuit Breakers
  • SAE J554, Electric Fuses (Cartridge Type)
  • SAE J1888, High Current Time Lag Electric Fuses
  • SAE J2077, Miniature Blade Type Electrical Fuses [1901:13.2.7.3]
•  
• All terminals shall be permanently numbered or coded.
• A terminal strip(s) block(s) or a multi-pin connec­tors) shall be accessible for checking and service.
• Hard-wired patient compartment electrical systems shall incorporate a master circuit breaker panel with circuit breakers or other electronic nondisposable current protection devices, in each circuit, that comply with SAE J553, Circuit Breakers, Type I or Type III (if circuit breaker is accessible for resetting by the driver or EMSP).

7.2.2.12.1 Multiplexed patient compartment electrical systems shall incorporate centralized circuit protection devices on each power circuit supplying the multiplexing system’s components.

• One extra circuit, minimum 15 amperes, shall be provided for future use.
•  
• All electrical components or appliances shall be electrically grounded in accordance with the component manufacturer’s recommendations.
• The use of appliance mounting screws/hardware shall not be used for grounding purposes unless specifically designed for that purpose.
• All switches, indicators, and controls shall be located and installed in a manner that facilitates easy removal.
• Switches, relays, terminals, and connectors shall have a direct current (dc) rating of 125 percent of the maximum current for which the circuit is protected.
• The patient compartment interior and exterior elec­trical circuits shall be powered by circuit(s) separate and distinct from vehicle chassis circuits, unless specific chassis circuits are supplied for that purpose by the chassis manufac­turer.

7.3 Power Supply.

7.3.1 A 12 volt or greater electrical alternator shall be provi­ded. [1901:13.3.11

7.3.2* Low Idle Alternator Output.

• The alternator shall have a minimum output at low idle to meet the minimum electrical load test conditions of the ambulance between 60°F and 110°F (15°C and 43°C) ambient temperature.

7.3.2.1.1 Minimum electrical load test conditions, which are tested under low-idle conditions, shall consist of the following:

• The propulsion engine and transmission
• All legally required clearance and marker lights, head­lights, and other electrical devices except windshield wipers and four-way hazard flashers
• The radio(s) at a duty cycle of 10-percent transmit and 90-percent receive (for calculation and testing purposes, a default value of 5 amperes continuous)
• Cab air conditioning (at coldest setting with highest blower speed)
• Patient compartment air conditioning (at coldest setting with highest blower speed)
• The lighting necessary to illuminate walking surfaces at entry points

• Compliance of the minimum electrical load test condi­tions shall be validated by testing each ambulance in accord­ance with the “Alternator Performance Test at Idle” as specified in AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test.
• The alternator shall be provided with full automatic regulation.
• High-Idle Alternator Output.
• The alternator shall have a minimum output at high idle to power the operational electrical load test conditions between 60°F and 110°F (15^CIC and 43°C) ambient tempera­ture.
• Compliance of the high-idle alternator output shall be validated by the final-stage ambulance manufacturer by testing each ambulance in accordance with the “Alternator Perform­ance Test at Idle” as specified in AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical Test.

7.4 Operational Electrical Load Test Conditions.

• The minimum continuous electrical load under opera­tional electrical load test conditions shall consist of the total amperage required to simultaneously operate the following in a stationary mode during emergency operations:
  • The propulsion engine and transmission
  • All legally required clearance and marker lights, head­lights, and other electrical devices except windshield wipers and four-way hazard flashers
  • The radio(s) at a duty cycle of 10-percent transmit and 90-percent receive (for calculation and testing purposes, a default value of 5 amperes continuous)
  • The lighting necessary to illuminate walking surfaces at entry points and 50 percent of the total compartment light load as required by this standard
  • The minimum optical warning system required in Section 7.8, where the ambulance is blocking the right- of-way
  • The continuous electrical current required to simultane­ously operate an additional 20-ampere load
  • Cab air conditioning (at coldest setting with highest blower speed)
  • Patient compartment air conditioning (at coldest setting with highest blower speed)
  • Patient compartment dome lighting (in the high inten­sity setting)

(10)* Other warning devices and electrical loads defined by the purchaser as critical to the mission of the ambulance

• If the ambulance is equipped to tow a trailer, an addi­tional 20 amperes shall be added to the minimum continuous electrical load to provide electrical power for the federally required clearance and marker lighting and the optical warn­ing devices mounted on the trailer.

7.4.3* The condition of the low voltage electrical system shall be monitored by a warning system that provides both an audi­ble and a visual signal to persons on, in, or near the ambulance of an impending electrical system failure caused by the exces­sive discharge of the battery set.

• The charge status of the battery shall be determined either by direct measurement of the battery charge or indi- recdy by monitoring the electrical system voltage. [1901:13.3.4.1]
• Voltage Alarm.

1917-25

LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND WARNING DEVICES

7.4.3.2.1 The alarm shall sound if the system voltage at the battery or at the master load disconnect switch drops below 11.8 volts for 12-volt nominal systems, 23.6 volts for 24-volt nominal systems, or 35.4 volts for 42-volt nominal systems for more than 120 seconds.

7.4.3.2.2 Compliance of the voltage alarm shall be validated by testing each ambulance in accordance with the “Low Voltage Alarm Test” as specified in AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test.

7.4.4 A voltmeter shall be mounted on the driver’s instrument panel to allow direct observation of the system voltage, r 1901:13.3.5]

7.5 Load Management.

7.5.1* If the total continuous electrical load exceeds the mini­mum continuous electrical output rating of the installed alter­nators) operating under the conditions specified in 7.4.1, an automatic electrical load management system shall be required. [1901:13.3.6.1]

• The minimum continuous electrical loads specified in 7.4.1 shall not be subject to automatic load management. [1901:13.3.6.2]
• Engine Speed Auxiliary Control Device.
• An engine speed auxiliary control device (high-idle switch or throttle) shall be installed to allow an increase in the engine speed, not to exceed the chassis manufacturer’s recom­mendations, when the ambulance is in park or neutral with the parking brake applied.
• An interlock shall prevent the operation of the engine speed auxiliary control device unless the parking brake is engaged and the transmission is in neutral or park, or the park­ing brake is engaged and the engine is disengaged from the drive wheels.
• The engine shall be prevented from regulating its own engine speed during times when engine rpm control is critical for consistent ambulance functions.

7.6* Batteries.

• Continuous Electrical Load.
• With the engine off, the battery system shall be able to provide the minimum electrical load test conditions specified in 7.4.1 for 10 minutes and then be able to restart the engine.
• Compliance of the battery system shall be verified on every ambulance prior to delivery in accordance with the “Reserve Capacity Test” as specified in AMD 005, Low Voltage Electrical System Test.
• The battery system cold cranking amps (CCA) rating shall meet or exceed the minimum CCA recommendations of the engine manufacturer. [1901:13.4.3]
• The batteries shall be mounted to prevent movement during ambulance operation and protected against accumula­tions of road spray, snow, and road debris.
• The batteries shall be readily accessible for examina­tion, testing, and maintenance.
• Where an enclosed battery compartment is provided, it shall be ventilated to the exterior to prevent the buildup of heat and explosive fumes and separated from the occupant compartments.

7.6.3.3* The batteries shall be protected against vibration and temperatures that exceed the battery manufacturer’s recom­mendation. [1901:13.4.4.41

7.6.4 A means shall be provided for jump-starting the engine if the batteries are not accessible without lifting the cab of a tilt- cab ambulance.

7.6.5* An onboard battery conditioner or charger shall be provided for maintaining batteries in a fully charged condition.

7.6.5.1 The onboard charger shall be tested to the require­ments of the “Onboard Battery Charger Test” as specified in AMD 027, Line Voltage Electrical Systems Test.

7.6.6 Any associated line voltage electrical power system shall be installed in accordance with Chapter 8.

7.6.7* A master load disconnect shall be provided between the main power source and the patient compartment electrical loads.

• Starter Solenoid.

7.6.8.1 Electronic control systems and similar devices shall be permitted to be otherwise connected if so specified by their manufacturer. [1901:13.4.6.2]

• Alternators shall not be wired through the master load switch.
• A sequential switching device shall be permitted to energize the optical warning devices required in Section 7.9 and other high current devices, provided the switching device first energizes the electrical devices required in Section 7.9 within 5 seconds.
• Two automotive power point-type connectors shall be furnished in the patient compartment.
• The power point circuits shall prevent discharge of chassis batteries by permitting the charging of portable devices only when the vehicle’s ignition is on or the automatic charger/conditioner is connected to shore power.
• The power point circuits shall be protected by a mini­mum 10 amp circuit breaker.
• The power point circuits shall include a (low voltage drop) Schottky diode or other solid-state equivalent devices to isolate medical equipment batteries from any electrical loads that the remainder of the ambulance electrical system could impose.
• If a Schottky diode is used, it shall be heat-sink mounted, have an inverse voltage rating of at least 45 volts, and also be rated to carry the maximum short-circuit current until the circuit breaker opens.
• If a Schottky diode is used, it shall be physically located in an accessible location and be electrically connected between the circuit breaker and the power point connectors.

7.7 Temperature Exposure. Any alternator, electrical starting device, ignition wiring, distributor, or ignition coil shall be moisture resistant and protected such that it is not exposed to a temperature that exceeds the component manufacturer’s recommendations. [1901:13.61

7.8* Electromagnetic Interference. Electromagnetic interfer­ence suppression shall be provided, as required, to satisfy the right of the optical center throughout the active horizontal angle of light emission of the optical source. [1901:13.8.15.2.4]

7.9.15.2.5 Measurements shall be repeated at 5 degrees up and 5 degrees down from the horizontal plane that passes through the optical center, beginning at a point on the vertical plane passing through the optical center. [1901:13.8.15.2.5]

• The measurements shall be repeated at 5-degree intervals to the left and to the right of this vertical plane throughout the active horizontal angle of light emission of the optical source. [1901:13.8.15.2.5.1]
• If the optical warning device contains more than one optical source, the test shall be repeated for each optical source. [1901:13.8.15.2.5.2]

7.9.16* Compliance Documentadon. The ambulance manu­facturer shall demonstrate compliance of the warning system by one of the following methods:

• Certification that the system was installed within the geometric parameters specified by the manufacturer of the system referencing the optical source test reports provided by the manufacturer of the system
• Certification that a mathematical calculation based on test reports for individual optical sources provided by the manufacturer of the devices and performed by a qualified person demonstrates that the combination of individual devices as installed meets the requirements of this stand­ard
• Actual measurement of the lighting system after installa­tion on the ambulance

7.9.17 Alternate Lighting Systems.

• An emergency lighting system shall provide the ambulance with 360 degrees of conspicuity for safety during its missions.
• The system shall display highly perceptible and attention-getting signals that function in a modal system and convey the following messages:
  • In the primary mode — “Clear the Right-of-Way”
  • In the secondary mode — “Hazard: Vehicle Stopped on Right-of-Way”
• The warning light systems shall not impair the effec­tiveness of the legally required exterior lighting on the ambu­lance.
• The ambulance standard emergency warning light system shall contain 12 fixed red lights, 1 fixed white light, and 1 or more fixed yellow lights.
• These lights shall function in a dual mode system as shown in Figure 7.9.17.2.1 and meet the physical and photo­metric requirements.
• The upper body warning lights shall be mounted at the extreme upper corner areas of the ambulance body.
• The single white light shall be centered between the two front-facing, red, upper corner lights or in a dedicated housing mounted forward of the body on the cab roof.
• Doors or other ancillary equipment shall not obstruct the standard warning lights.
• The yellow light shall be symmetrically located between the two rear-facing red lights.
• The red grille lights shall be located at least 30 in. (762 mm) above the ground and below the bottom edge of the windshield and be laterally separated by at least 18 in. (457 mm), measured from centerline to centerline of each lamp.
• The lateral-facing intersection lights shall be moun­ted as close as possible to the front upper edge of each front fender and be angled forward between 0 and 30 degrees.
• All warning lights furnished shall be mounted to project their highest intensity beams on the horizontal plane.
• Photometric, Chromaticity, and Physical Require­ments.
• Each emergency light shall flash 75 to 125 times per minute.
• The chromaticity values of the lights shall conform to SAE J578, Color Specification, for their respective colors, except for the red lights, which can conform to the expanded boundary limits of)’ = 0.34, y = 0.32, and x = 0.62.
• All warning lights shall project a beam spread of at least 5 degrees up and 5 degrees down and at least 45 degrees left and right of horizontal and vertical (H-V).
• Each light shall produce flash energy, measured in candelas per second (Cd-s), from the H-V to all the extreme test point coordinates and be tested at all 5-degree increments.
• At no point shall the Cd-s values drop to less than the minimum values as shown in Figure 7.9.17.2.1 when tested at 14.2 volts.
• Flash energy shall be determined in accordance with the SAE J845, Optical Warning Devices for Authorized Emer­gency, Maintenance, and Service Vehicles, method for determining the flash energy of a light.
• Testing shall be conducted on the device(s) as manufactured, including use of the actual light source and all other related system components.
• The emergency light switches shall be wired and arranged to provide the warning light signal modes and combi­nations as specified.

7.9.17.4.1 All emergency light switches shall be labeled, each primary and secondary mode switch having an indicator light to show the driver which mode is activated.

• The emergency lighting system shall be comprised of components and devices that comply with the general require­ments and tests of SAE J575, Test Methods and Equifnnent for Lighting Devices and Components for Use on Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, SAEJ576, Plastic Material or Materials for Use in Optical Parts Such as Lenses and Reflex Reflectors of Motor Vehicle Lighting Devices, SAE J578, Color Specification, and SAE J551/1, Performance Levels and Methods of Measurement of Electro­magnetic Compatibility of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (16.6 Hz to 18 GHz), as applicable for the unit.

7.9.17.5.1 Warning lights shall be fastened to reinforced body surfaces in accordance with the lighting manufacturer’s requirements and recommendations and include aiming 7.10.1.1 The siren manufacturer shall certify the siren as meeting the requirements of SAE J1849, Emergency Vehicle Sirens. [1901:13.9.1.1]

7.10.1.2* A means shall be provided to allow the activation of the siren within convenient reach of the driver. [1901:13.9.1.21

• Where furnished, air horns, electric siren(s), and elec­tronic siren speaker(s) shall be mounted low and far forward on the ambulance.
• Audible warning equipment shall not be mounted on the roof, on the front of the module, or behind the ambulance operator.

7.11 Exterior and Interior Lighting.

• All light level measurements shall be made with a light meter with a hemispherical light sensor held against the surface, facing perpendicular to the surface, and not deliber­ately pointed toward the light source.
• Scene Lighting.
• Scene lights shall be located on both the sides of the ambulance.
• Scene lights shall be not less than 75 in. (1.9 m) above the ground and unobstructed by open doors.
• Scene light switches shall be located on the cab console and shall control each side independently.
• Load Lighting.
• The loading area shall be illuminated to a level of at least 1 footcandle (fc) within the first 5 ft (1.5 m) from the vehicle and 0.3 fc up to 10 ft (3 m) from the vehicle.
• Compliance of the load lighting illumination shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambulance in accord­ance with AMD 024, Perimeter Illumination Test.
• Load lights shall be not less than 75 in. (1.9 m) above the ground and unobstructed by open doors.
• Load lights shall turn on whenever the rear patient entry doors are opened and the module power is on.
• Load light switches shall allow for manual operation when the doors are closed.
• Ambulance Exterior DOT Lighting. The exterior ambulance lighting shall include all required 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 108 lighting.
• Ground Lighting.
• The ambulance shall be equipped with lighting that is capable of providing illumination at a minimum level of 0.3 fc on ground areas within 30 in. (800 mm) of the edge of the ambulance in areas designed for personnel to climb into or onto the ambulance or descend from the ambulance to the ground level.
• Lighting designed to provide ground illumination for safe egress as described in 7.11.5.1 shall be switch able but auto­matically activates when the exit doors are opened.
• All other ground area lighting shall be switchable.
• Interior Lighting.

7.11.6.1* The ambulance shall have sufficient lighting to provide an average level of 1 fc (10.764 lx) at each seating surface in the driving compartments.

7.11.6.2 Driving compartment lighting shall be designed and located so that no glare is reflected into the driver’s eyes or line of vision from switch control panels or other areas that are illu­minated while the vehicle is in motion.

7.11.6.3* Patient Compartment Illumination.

• The ambulance interior lighting configuration shall be designed to minimize electrical loads.
• Any lighting circuit shall have separately protected and controlled circuits.
• All interior lighting fixtures shall not protrude more than 114 in. (38 mm) from the mounting surface.
• The patient compartment lighting shall have the two levels of lighting, high and low, at a minimum.

7.11.6.3.4.1 In the high setting, the patient compartment floor shall have a minimum of 15 fc of illumination, measured along the centerline of the clear floor.

7.11.6.3.4.2* In the high setting, the primary cot shall be provided with a minimum of 35 fc of illumination, measured on at least 90 percent of the cot’s surface area.

• In the low setting, the patient compartment floor shall have a minimum of 3.5 fc of illumination, measured along at least 85 percent of the centerline length.
• In the low setting, the side entry step shall have a minimum of 2.0 fc of illumination, measured in the center of the step area.
• Compliance of the requirements in 7.11.6.3.4.1 through 7.11.6.3.4.4 shall be validated by testing a substantially similar ambulance in accordance with AMD 016, Patient Compartment Lighting Level Test.
• The patient compartment lighting shall be automat­ically activated when the side entry or rear entry patient compartment doors are opened and the module power is on.
• Compartment Lighting.
• Each exterior storage compartment that is greater than 4 ft³ (1.2 m³) and having an opening greater than 144 in.² (92,900 mm²) shall have compartment lighting to provide a minimum of 1 fc (10.764 lx) at any location on the floor of the compartment without any shelves, dividers, or equipment in the compartment.
• Compartment lighting shall be automatically enabled when the compartment door is opened and module power is on.
• The lights shall be arranged or protected to minimize accidental breakage.
• All interior and exterior lights mounted in wet locations shall be tested in conformance with SAE J575, Test Methods and Equipment for Lighting Devices and Components for Use on Vehicles Less Than 2032 mm in Overall Width, and shall comply with the following performance requirements of that standard:
  • Vibration
  • Moisture
  • Dust
  • Corrosion
  • High temperature
  • Low temperature
  • Durability
  • Warpage

7.12 Do-Not-Move Ambulance Light.

7.12.1* A red flashing or rotating light or electronic display within the forward view of the driver shall be illuminated auto­matically whenever the ambulance’s ignition switch is in the run position, the parking brake is not fully engaged, and either of the following conditions exists:

• Any passenger door, patient entry door, or equipment compartment door is not closed.
• Any other device permanently attached to the ambulance is open, extended, or deployed in a manner that is likely to cause damage to the ambulance if the ambulance is moved.

• Compartments meeting all the following conditions shall be permitted to be exempt from the requirements of 7.12.1:
  • The volume is less than or equal to 4 ft³ (0.11 m³).
  • The compartment has an opening less than or equal to 144 in.² (92,900 mm-).
  • The open door does not extend sideways beyond the mirrors or up above the top of the ambulance.
• If the ambulance is equipped with a do-not-move ambu­lance light, the light shall be labeled to read “Do Not Move Unit.”

7.13* Backup Alarm.

• An electric or electronic backup alarm shall be provi­ded that meets the Type D (87 dBa) requirements of SAE J994, Alarm — Backup — Electric Laboratory Performance Testing.
• The backup alarm shall be enabled any time the vehicle is in reverse.

7.14 Stop, Tail, and Directional Lights.

• The ambulance shall be equipped with all 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 108 legally required stop, tail, and directional lights.
• Directional lights shall be visible according to 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 108.
• On ambulances 30 ft (10 m) or longer in length, a turn signal shall be mounted approximately midway along the ambulance at running board height.
• Equipment shall not be mounted in a manner that obscures the stop, tail, or directional lights.

7.14.5* Emergency warning lights shall not be used as brake lights, tail lights, or turn signals if they exceed the maximum candela output requirements in 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 108.

7.14.6 Warning lights that do not exceed the maximum candela rating in 49 CFR 571, FMVSS 108 and are used as primary or auxiliary brake lights shall not be mounted higher than 72 in. (1829 mm) above the ground nor lower than 15 in. (381 mm) from the ground.

7.15 Communications Equipment.

7.15.1 Any two-way radio equipment shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the radio equipment manufacturer.

7.15.2* Ventilated space for a two-way radio, including convenience features, antenna openings, ground plane, termi­nal wiring for 12-volt power, and ground, shall be provided.

7.15.3 Built-in communication devices installed in the patient compartment shall be secured within maximum functional reach of EMSPs, from a 5th percentile female through a 95th percentile male, while seated and restrained.

Chapter 8 Line Voltage Electrical Systems

• The ambulance shall be furnished with an alter­nating current (ac) line voltage electrical system consisting of a power source and a 2-wire plus ground wiring system that meets the applicable requirements of this chapter.
• General Requirements.
• Conformance with National Electrical Code. All compo­nents, equipment, and installation procedures shall conform to NI’PA 70, except where superseded by the requirements of this chapter. [1901:22.2.3.1]

8.2.1.1* Where available, line voltage electrical system equip­ment and materials included on the ambulance shall be listed and used only in the manner for which they have been listed.

8.2.1.2 All equipment and materials shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. [1901:22.2.51

• Shorepower Inlet.

8.2.2.1* The ambulance shall be equipped with a line voltage power inlet known as a shorepower inlet.

• The shorepower inlet shall be permanently mounted with a male recessed-type receptacle with cover, having a mini­mum rating of 15 amperes and conforming to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) configuration appropriate for the voltage rating.
• The shorepower inlet shall be wired direcdy to the system or device to be powered or wired to a transfer switch as required in Section 8.8.
• Where more than one shorepower inlet is provided on the same circuit, the unused shorepower inlet shall be de- energized.
• A proper-mating, weatherproof, female connector body conforming to the NEMA configuration provided in 8.2.2.2 shall also be furnished without cable and labeled with the size, the type of wire necessary, and the polarity of the future hookup.
• The connection shall be permanently labeled as shown in Figure 8.2.2.6.
• The protective ground from the shorepower inlet shall be bonded to the vehicle frame.
• S lability o f Frequency and Vol tage.

8.2.3.1 Any fixed line voltage power source producing alter­nating current (ac) shall produce electric power at 60 Hz

• A bonding conductor shall be connected between the distribution panelboard and an accessible terminal on the chassis.
• Aluminum or coppered aluminum conductors shall not be used.
• Any ambulance that employs a unitized metal chas- sis-frame construction to which the distribution panel is fastened with a bolt and nut shall be considered to be bonded.
• The ambulance body and exterior covering shall be considered bonded if the metal panels overlap or are welded to one another and are attached to the chassis frame by metal fasteners, metal straps, or welding.
• Metal circulating air ducts shall be bonded to the chassis.
• The compressed gas pipes shall be bonded to the chassis.

8.4* Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters. All line voltage ac circuits and receptacles of the ambulance shall be protected by listed ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) in accordance with ANSI/UL 498, Standard far Safety Attachment Plugs and Receptacles.

8.5* Wiring Methods. Fixed wiring systems shall be limited to the following:

• Metallic or nonmetallic liquid tight flexible conduit rated at temperatures not less than 194°F (90°C) with stranded copper wire rated for wet locations and temperatures not less than 194°F (90°C)
• Type SOW, SOOW, SEOW, or SEOOW flexible cord rated at 600 volts and at temperatures not less than 194°F (90°C)

[1901:22.101

• Electrical cord or conduit shall not be attached to chas­sis suspension components, water or fuel lines, air or air brake lines, medical gas lines, hydraulic lines, exhaust system compo­nents, or low voltage wring and shall be arranged as follows:
  • Separated by a minimum distance of 12 in. (300 mm) from exhaust piping or shielded from such piping
  • Separated from fuel lines by a minimum distance of 6 in. (152 mm)

8.5.1.1 Line voltage wring shall not be routed through the medical gas compartment.

• A means shall be provided to allow “flexing” between the driving and crew compartment, the body, and other areas or equipment whose movement would stress the wiring. [1901:22.10.21
• Electrical cord or conduit shall be supported within 6 in. (152 mm) of any junction box and at a minimum of every 24 in. (600 mm) of run. [1901:22.10.31
• Supports shall be made of nonmetallic materials or of corrosion-resistant or corrosion-protected metal. [1901:22.10.3.11
• All supports shall be of a design that does not cut or abrade the conduit or cord and shall be mechanically fastened to the ambulance.
• Only fittings and components listed for the type of cord or conduit being installed shall be used. [1901:22.10.41
• Where rigid metal conduit or intermediate metal conduit is terminated at an enclosure with a lock nut and bush­ing connection, two lock nuts shall be provided, one inside and one outside the enclosure.
• All cut ends of conduit shall be reamed or otherwise finished to remove rough edges.
• Splices shall be made only in a listed junction box.
• Additional Requirements for Flexible Cord Installations.
• Where flexible cord is used in any location where it could be damaged, it shall be protected by installation in conduit, enclosures, or guards. [1901:22.10.6.11
• Where flexible cord penetrates a metal surface, rubber or plastic grommets or bushings shall be installed. [1901:22.10.6.21
• Wiring Identification.
• Each line voltage circuit originating from the main panelboard shall be identified. [1901:22.10.7.11
• The wire or circuit identification either shall reference a wiring diagram or wire list or shall indicate the final termina­tion point of the circuit. [1901:22.10.7.21
• W’here prewiring for future power sources or devices exists, the unterminated ends shall be marked with a label showing their wire size and intended function. [1901:22.10.7.31

8.6 Wiring System Components.

• Only stranded copper conductors with an insulation rated for temperatures of at least 194°F (90°C) and wet loca­tions shall be used. [1901:22.11.11
• Conductors in flexible cord shall be sized in accord­ance with Table 400.5 (A) of NIP A [1901:22.11.1.1]
• Conductors used in conduit shall be sized in accord­ance with 310.15, “Ampacities for Conductors Rated 0- 2000 Volts,” of NFPA 70. [ 1901:22.11.1.21
• Aluminum or copper-clad aluminum conductors shall not be used. [1901:22.11.1.31
• All boxes shall conform to and be mounted in accord­ance with Article 314, “Outlet, Device, Pull, and Junction Boxes; Conduit Bodies; Fittings; and Manholes,” of NFPA 70. [1901:22.11.21
• All boxes shall be accessible using ordinary hand tools. [1901:22.11.2.11
• Boxes shall not be permitted behind welded or pop- riveted panels. [1901:22.11.2.21
• The maximum number of conductors permitted in any box shall be in accordance with 314.16, “Number of Conductors in Outlet, Device, and Junction Boxes, and Conduit Bodies,” of NFPA 70. [1901:22.11.2.3]
• All wiring connections and terminations shall provide a positive mechanical and electrical connection. [1901:22.11.31

8.6.3.1 Connectors shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. [1901:22.11.3.11 8.6.3.2 Wire nuts or insulation displacement and insulation- piercing connectors shall not be used. [1901:22.11.3.21

• Each switch shall indicate the position of its contact points (i.e., open or closed) and shall be rated for the continu­ous operation of the load being controlled. [1901:22.11.41
• All switches shall be marked with a label indicating the function of the switch. [1901:22.11.4.11
• Circuit breakers used as switches shall be “switch rated” (SWD) or better. [1901:22.11.4.21
• Switches shall simultaneously open all associated line voltage conductors. [1901:22.11.4.31
• Switching of the neutral conductor alone shall not be permitted. [1901:22.11.4.41
• Line voltage circuits controlled by low voltage circuits shall be wired through properly rated relays in listed enclosures that control all nongrounded current-carrying conductors. [1901:22.11.4.51
• Receptacles and Inlet Devices.
• The patient compartment shall be furnished with a minimum of three line voltage duplex receptacles conforming to a minimum of a NEMA 5-15.
• All interior outlets shall be installed in accordance with 210.7, Multiple Branch Circuits, of NFPA 70.
• Any receptacle shall be at least 12 in. (300 mm) from any medical gas outlet.
• An indicator shall be located within each line voltage receptacle as a line monitor indicating a live (hot) circuit.
• W⁷et and Dry Locations.
• All wet location receptacle outlets and inlet devices, including those on hardwired, remote power distribution boxes, shall be of the grounding type, provided with a wet loca­tion cover, and installed in accordance with 406.8, “Receptacles in Damp or Wet Locations,” of NFPA 70. [1901:22.11.5.1.11
• All receptacles located in a wet location shall be not less than 24 in. (600 mm) from the ground. [1901:22.11.5.1.21
• Receptacles on off-road ambulances shall be a mini­mum of 30 in. (760 mm) from the ground.
• All receptacles located in a dry location shall be of the grounding type and shall be at least 12 in. (300 mm) above the interior floor height. [1901:22.11.5.21
• No receptacle shall be installed in a face-up position. [1901:22.11.5.3]
• The face of any wet location receptacle shall be in­stalled in a plane from vertical to not more than 45 degrees off vertical. [1901:22.11.5.4]
• Receptacle Label.
• Each receptacle shall be marked with a label indicat­ing the nominal line voltage (120 volts or 240 volts) and the current rating in amps of the circuit. [1901:22.11.5.5.1]
• If the receptacle is other than single phase, that information shall also be marked on the label.

8.6.5.10 All receptacles and electrical inlet devices shall be listed to ANSI/UL 498, Standard for Safety Attachment Plugs and Recef)tacles, or other recognized performance standards. [1901:22.11.5.6]

8.7 Cord Reels.

• All permanendy mounted cord reels shall be rated for continuous duty and installed to be accessible for removal, cord access, maintenance, and servicing. [1901:22.12]
• The power rewind cord reel spool area shall be visible to the operator during the rewind operation or the reel spool encapsulated to prevent cord from spooling off the reel.
• Rollers or guides shall be provided, where required, to prevent damage to the cord at reel spools or compartment openings. [1901:22.12.2]
• Rewind Provision.
• Manually operated reels shall have a hand crank. [1901:22.12.3.1]
• Power rewind-type reels shall have the control in a position where the operator can observe the rewinding opera­tion.
• If a reel is in an enclosure or out of direct view, the cord entry point to the enclosure shall be visible to the opera­tor of the reel control.
• The rewind control or crank shall not be more than 72 in. (1830 mm) above the operator’s standing position. [1901:22.12.3.3]
• The rewind control shall be marked with a label indi­cating its function and shall be guarded to prevent accidental operation. [1901:22.12.3.41
• The reel shall be designed to hold 110 percent of the capacity needed for the intended cord length. [1901:22.12.4]
• The wire size shall be in accordance with NFPA 70, Table 400.5(A), but in no case shall it be smaller than 12 AWG. [1901:22.12.51
• Electrical cord shall be Type SEOOW, Type SOOW, or TypeSTOOW. [1901:22.12.6]
• A label that indicates the following information shall be provided in a visible location adjacent to any permanendy connected reel:
  • Current rating
  • Current type
  • Phase
  • Voltage
  • Total cord length [1901:22.12.71
• Where a power distribution box is hardwired to the end of a cord that is stored on a fixed cord reel or other fixed stor­age means, the requirements in 8.7.9.1 through 8.7.9.6 shall apply. [1901:22.12.8]
• The remote power distribution box shall be listed for use in a wet location. 11901:22.12.8.1]
• The distribution box shall be as follows:
  • Protected from corrosion
  • Capable of being carried with a gloved hand (3) Designed to keep the exterior electrical components

above 2 in. (51 mm) of standing water [1901:22.12.8.21

• Inlets, receptacles, circuit breakers, or GFCI devices shall not be mounted on the top surface of the horizontal plane. [1901:22.12.8.3]
• Branch circuit breakers shall be installed in the remote power distribution box if the overcurrent device protecting the feed cord to the box is too large to protect the wiring supplying the devices plugged onto the distribution box. [1901:22.12.8.4]
• Remote power distribution boxes shall have a light on the box to indicate the power is on. [1901:22.12.8.5]
• The light shall be visible in a 360-degree plane from a minimum of 200 ft (60 m) in complete darkness. [1901:22.12.8.5.1]
• The light shall be mechanically protected to prevent damage. [1901:22.12.8.5.21
• The hardwired portable cord connection to the box shall have strain relief and meet the intended usage require­ments. [1901:22.12.8.61
• Transfer Switch Applications.
• A transfer switch shall be required to isolate one power source from another where a circuit(s) is intended to be supplied from more than one power source.
• Transfer equipment, including transfer switches, shall operate such that all ungrounded connectors of one power source are disconnected before any ungrounded conductors of the second power source are connected.
• The neutral connector shall be switched through the transfer switch.
• Scene Lighting Systems.
• Where fixed scene lights are supplied, the requirements in 8.9.2 through 8.9.5 shall apply.
• All scene lights shall be provided with a lens or a means for preventing damage from water spray and shall be listed for wet location usage. [1901:22.13.1]
• Handle on Lights.
• If the light is adjustable, a handle shall be provided. [1901:22.13.2.1]
• The design of the light shall not allow the temperature of the handle to exceed 131°F (55°C). [1901:22.13.2.21
• The manufacturer of the device shall have the scene light tested by a nationally recognized testing laboratory and listed to ANSI/UL 153, Standard for Portable Electric Luminaires, or ANSI/UL 1598, [1901:22.13.3]
• If manually operated floodlights are not operable from the ground, access steps and handrails that meet the require­ments of Chapter 6 shall be provided to allow the user to reach the floodlights.
• Appliance Accessibility and Fastening.

8.10.1 All electrical appliances shall be accessible for inspec­tion, service, repair, and replacement without removal of permanent construction.

8.10.2 Appliances shall be fastened in accordance with the manufacturer’s direc tions.

Chapter 9 Line Voltage Power Source

• Line Voltage Power Derived from an Inverter.
• If the power source derives its input energy from an inverter, the power source shall meet the requirements of 9.1.2 through 9.1.4.
• The low voltage power supply system shall be installed in compliance with the requirements of Chapter 7.
• The alternator and the battery system shall be adequate to provide power for continuous operation for a minimum of 1 hour at nominal listed power output.
• The inverter shall be tested to the requirements of the “Inverter Test” as specified in AMD 027, Line Voltage Electrical Systems Test.
• Generators Rated Below 11 hp (8 kW) General Require­ments.
• If the power source is mechanically driven and mounted on the vehicle, it shall comply with NFPA 70, Article 445.
• If the generator is less than 11 hp (8 kW), it shall meet the requirements of 9.2.2.1 through 9.2.2.8.
• Access shall be provided to permit both routine main­tenance and removal of the power source for major servicing. [1901:22.4.4]
• The power source shall be located so that neither it nor its mounting brackets interfere with the routine mainte­nance of the ambulance.
• If the power source is rated at less than 3 kW, a “Power On” indicator shall be provided. [1901:22.4.6.1]
• If the power source is rated at 3 kW or more but less than 8 kW, a voltmeter shall be provided. [1901:22.4.6.21
• The rating on the power source specification label shall not exceed the declared rating from the power source manufacturer. [1901:22.4.3.2]
• An instruction plate (s) that provides the operator with the essential power source operating instructions, including the power-up and power-down sequence, shall be permanendy attached to the ambulance at any point where such operations can take place.
• If there is permanent wiring on the ambulance that is designed to be connected to the power source, a power source specification label that is permanently attached to the ambu­lance at the operator’s control station shall provide the opera­tor with the information detailed in Figure 9.2.2.7.
• The power source, at any load, shall not produce a noise level that exceeds 90 dBA in any driving compartment or patient compartment with windows and doors closed or at any operator’s station on the ambulance.
• Power Sources of 11 hp (8 kW) or Larger. Power sources of 11 hp (8 kW) or larger shall meet the requirements of NFPA 1901, 22.4.3.1.
• Each ambulance’s payload capacity and the horizontal and vertical center of gravity shall be calculated.
• Horizontal and vertical payload capacity shall be determined by completing an NTEA UltraMod spreadsheet (available at ww.ntea.com).
• A copy of the UltraMod spreadsheet shall be included with the ambulance documentation, along with the following calculations:
  • Completed vehicle at curb weight
  • Inclusion of an assumed occupant weight of 171 lb (77 kg) at the horizontal, lateral, and vertical center of each patient location and at the designated H-point of each seating position
  • The maximum remaining cargo/equipment capacity located at the horizontal, lateral, and vertical dimension center of the patient compartment that will not exceed the vehicle’s weight rating capacity.
• Longitudinal Weight Distribution. When the ambu­lance is loaded to its GVWR, the front-to-rear weight distribu­tion and vertical center of gravity shall comply with the axle weight distribution limits established by the chassis manufac­turer.
• Lateral Weight Distribution. The vehicle, when loaded to its GVWR, shall have a side-to-side tire load variation of no more than 5 percent of the total tire load for the affected axle.
• The front axle loads shall not be less than the mini­mum axle loads specified by the chassis manufacturer under full load and all other loading conditions.
• Chassis and component weight ratings shall be the manufacturer’s published ratings, which shall not be modified or altered without written authorization from the chassis/ component OEM.
• The contractor shall perform all of the AMD tests (other than type testing) for each remounted ambulance patient compartment and its associated components and systems using either the latest AMD standards or the AMD standards that were applicable to the ambulance patient compartment at the time that it was originally constructed.
• Documentation showing successful completion of all tests shall be furnished to the purchaser by the contractor.
• Responsibility for the remounted automotive ambu­lance and equipment shall rest with the contractor until trans­fer of such responsibilities are accepted by the purchaser.
• To the extent that any of the original configurations, components, or systems of the ambulance are changed or modified by the contractor during the remount process, the contractor shall supply to the purchaser, at the time of delivery, at least one copy of complete operation, service, and parts manuals covering any new or modified components or systems on the ambulance as delivered and accepted.
• The requirement for furnishing either complete or partial manuals shall be specified by the purchasing authority.

10.6 Remounted Ambulance Components.

10.6.1 All components shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s published installation instructions, or as otherwise approved in writing by the component manufacturer.

• All medical devices furnished shall comply with all applicable U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other governmental regulatory requirements.
• All connections to or interfaces with the ambulance chassis shall be made in accordance with the chassis OEM Body Builders Guidelines and OEM Incomplete Vehicle Manual unless otherwise specified in this standard.

Annex A Explanatory Material

Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains explan­atory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text para­graphs.

A.1.1 The term new as applied in this standard is intended to refer to the original construction of an ambulance using all new materials and parts.

1. 1.4 It is not intended that this standard be applied retroac­tively to existing ambulances. However, if major renovations are made to an existing ambulance, it is suggested that the ambu­lance be brought into line with this standard as closely as possi­ble.

A1.6 Metric units of measurement in this standard are in accordance with the modernized metric system known as the International System of Units (SI). The liter, a unit that is outside of but recognized by SI, is commonly used in interna­tional fire protection. Table A. 1.6(a) and Table A. 1.6(b) provide U.S.-to-SI conversion factors and Sl-to-U.S. conversion factors as an aid to the user. Table A. 1.6(c) provides other conversion factors that could be useful to the reader. Table A. 1.6(d) provides a list of the abbreviations used in this stand­ard and their meanings.

A3.2.1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, proce­dures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installa­tions, procedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper instal­lation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organi­zation that is concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items.

A.3.2.2 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “authority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or indi­vidual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire preven­tion bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory author­ity. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection depart­ment, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designa­ted agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or depart­mental official may be the authority having jurisdiction.

elements whose geometric positioning relative to each other is fixed by the manufacturer of the optical source and is not intended to be modified.

A.3.3.68 Type Certificate. A certificate is usually issued on a production sample and used on subsequent units that are substantially similar.

A.3.3.70.1 Curb Weight. The curb weight includes such items as the chassis, cab, body, batteries, spare tire, jack, tire chang­ing tools, and any other permanently attached or dedicated equipment, along with a full complement of fuel, lubricants, and coolant.

A.3.3.71.1 Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). It is a require­ment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) that the GAWR be posted in the vehicle on a perma- nendy affixed label. The axle system includes, but is not limited to, the axle, tires, suspension, wheels, frame, brakes, and applied engine torque.

A.3.3.71.3 Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). It is a

requirement of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administra­tion (NHTSA) that the GVWR of a vehicle be posted in the vehicle on a permanently affixed label. The GVWR can be equal to or less than the sum of the front GAWR and the rear GAWR. The in-service weight or gross vehicle weight should always be equal to or less than the GVWR.

A.4.2 The purchaser should be aware that training guidelines can be found in NFPA 1451 or might be found in training programs provided by other organizations.

A.4.4.4 Chassis OEM body builders’ guidelines and incom­plete vehicle manuals are provided by each chassis manufac­turer. These documents provide guidance on how to mount bodies and equipment on each chassis, what types of modifica­tions are allowed, and how to avoid defeating features that are required to comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Stand­ards (FMVSS).

Purchasers should consult these documents prior to creating a purchase specification to ensure they are not asking for features that would contradict the chassis OEM’s guidance.

Certain chassis OEMs do allow an ambulance built on their chassis to be used to tow a trailer even though their product might have the features necessary to install a tow package. Purchasers who intend to tow a trailer with their ambulance should be aware of any chassis restrictions and the potential of voiding the warranty.

A.4.6.9 Drawings should be included in the test report if they will assist in documenting the configuration of the components or systems being tested. Drawing details can include views of the entire vehicle where appropriate as well as material sizes, thicknesses, welds, fasteners, adhesive coverage, and so forth, of the critical regions that would be established as “minimums” for the respective location and function of the tested compo­nent or system.

A.4.8.1 The engine compartment and the underside of the vehicle are not considered areas of normal nonmaintenance operation.

A.4.9.2 Labels should follow certain parameters:

(1) They should be positioned horizontally to read left to right.

• They should be located where a control or a user’s normal hand, arm position, or any other item will not obscure the label or not where the label obscures any other information.
• Where the ambient illuminance is above 10 lux [0.9 foot- candle (fc)], the label should be composed of black char­acters on a light background.
• They should be composed of characters whose heights are between 0.12 in. and 0.20 in. times D/28 in. (between 3.0 mm and 5.0 mm times D/710 mm), where D is the viewing distance [in. (m)].
• Alphanumeric characters should have a width-to-height ratio, where width should be 0.6 in. (15.24 mm) to 0.8 in. (20.32 mm) of the height except for single-stroke charac­ters (e.g., I, 1), which should be between 0.1 in. (2.54 mm) and 0.2 in. (5.08 mm) of the height, and the number 4, which should be 0.8 in. (20.32 mm) of the height.
• They should be composed with characters that have stroke widths that meet the following parameters:
  • For normal characters. For black characters on a white (or light) background, the stroke width should be 0.1667 in. (4.23 mm) to 0.1429 in. (3.63 mm) of the height. The stroke width should be the same for all letters and numerals of equal height.
  • For transilluminated characters. The stroke width should be 0.1 in. (2.54 mm) of the height.
  • The stroke width ratios should apply regard­less of how high characters are made for distance viewing. However, for certain applications charac­ters with different stroke widths can be used on the same sign for emphasis. In this case, the thinnest character stroke should be no less than 0.125 in. (3.175 mm), and the thickest character stroke no greater than 0.2 in. (5.08 mm) of the respective character heights.
• Composed with characters in a plain typeface without serifs (i.e., sans serif fonts) except as necessary to distin­guish characters that could otherwise be confused [e.g., “1” (lowercase “ell”), “I” (uppercase “eye”), and “1” (“one”);”0″ (“zero”) and “O” (uppercase “oh”) 1.
• They should be easy to read accurately from operational reading distances and in the anticipated vibration, motion, and illumination environments.

A.4.9.2.2 Use of the “Star of Life” symbol must be in accord­ance with the purpose and use criteria set forth in published guidelines by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administra­tion, an operating administration of the U.S. Department of Transportation.

A.4.9.2.3.1 Determination of whether an item is within reach is not an exact science given the vast variability in human forms. Arm and torso length as well as flexibility will vary greatly between individuals. When making trade-offs between reach, comfort, convenience, and practicality, useful anthropo­metric and human factors data can be found in publications such as MIL-STD-1472, Department of Defense Design Criteria Standard — Human Engineering.

A.4.10.1 The attachment of electric, air, hydraulic, and other control lines and hoses should be with removable, mechani­cally attached fastening devices. The attachment of such equip­ment with adhesive or glue-on clamps or clips has been found to be inadequate for long-term performance on ambulances.

mechanical and environmental testing. Photometric testing of the system should be performed by qualified personnel in a laboratory for such optical measurements.

The test voltages and other details should be as called for in this standard for the photometric testing of individual optical warning devices. The elevation of the photometer, however, could be set at the elevation that maximizes the performance of the upper-level devices and at a second, different elevation that maximizes the performance of the lower-level devices.

With the optical center of each device oriented as installed, the sum of the actual value of the optical power contributed by every optical source is then determined at each measurement point. The zone total is the sum of the optical power at the 19 measurement points in the zone.

Measurements are made to determine all the optical require­ments of this standard, including the optical power at each of the required measurement points, the zone totals at the hori­zontal plane passing through the optical center, and the zone totals at 5 degrees above and 5 degrees below the horizontal plane passing through the optical center. Any upper-level warn­ing devices mounted above the maximum height specified by the manufacturer(s) should be tested to demonstrate that at 4 ft (1.2 m) above level ground and 100 ft (30.5 m) from the mounted device, the optical energy exceeds 50 percent of the minimum required at the horizontal plane passing through the optical center.

A.7.10.1.2 If the purchaser wants to have the siren controls within convenient reach of persons riding in both the right and left front seat positions, that should be specified. In some ambulances, multiple control switches might be necessary to achieve convenient reach from the two positions. If other signal devices, such as an additional siren, bell, air horn(s), or buzzer, are desired, the type of device and its control location also should be specified.

A.7.11.6.1 The user might want to consider a map light or additional task lighting in the cab.

A.7.11.6.3 The purchaser might want to add “checkout lights” that can be controlled by a timer or switch-wired direcdy to the batteries. Checkout lights are usually fluorescent lights wired to the line voltage shoreline and can be wired so that the ambu­lance ignition or battery switch need not be turned on.

A.7.11.6.3.4.2 The purchaser should be aware that, even if technically considered “white” through industry standard color tolerances, care should be taken to ensure that interior lighting fixtures, primarily patient dome lights, maintain a uniform color hue (measured by color temperature in kelvins) across all like-installed light fixtures.

Experience indicates a color temperature nearest “daylight” (6500K) might be preferred, although that is commonly achiev­able only with LED or fluorescent light sources. Lower-cost incandescent and halogen patient dome lights typically fall within the “warmer” range of 2500K to 3500K. Care should be taken when selecting lighting fixtures to avoid wide variances in lighting temperature within the patient treatment area of the patient compartment.

A.7.12.1 Electronic displays that are visible in all ambient light and that project narrative information can be used in lieu of discrete, colored indicator/warning lights, provided the projec­ted message is at least as visible as the basic required warning light.

A.7.13 The purchaser might want to add at the sides or rear of a vehicle camera(s) with monitoring screens in the cab or auto­matic vehicle-stopping devices that sense an obstruction at the rear of the vehicle. In addition, angled backup lights mounted in the wheel well areas provide additional scene lighting for personnel who might be at the side of the vehicle or lighting of folding tanks or other obstacles on the side of the ambulance. Any such devices will improve safety while vehicles are backing.

A.7.14.5 Warning lights, even if meeting the height and candela requirements of this standard, would have to stop flashing to be used as auxiliary brake lights. However, once the warning lights stop flashing the zone flashing requirement would not be met. The purchaser must consider the loss of the flashing warning lights in each of these zones if they plan to use warning lights as auxiliary brake lights.

A.7.15.2 The purchaser should specify the appropriate features to accommodate communication equipment, includ­ing, but not limited to, metal ground planes, grounding, coaxial cable, and antenna placement.

A.8.2.1.1 Portable line voltage electrical equipment added by the ambulance service should also be listed and utilized only in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

A.8.2.2.1 The purchaser should specify the location on the ambulance for the power inlet. Consideration should be given to placement of the power inlet so that it disconnects if the ambulance is moved forward, or an auto-eject device can be utilized. The shoreline and circuit breaker should be sized for the anticipated electrical load.

A.8.2.4.4 Although a splash shield will lessen the amount of road spray that reaches the generator, it will not protect the generator if the ambulance is driven through deep water. Care should also be taken if the ambulance is driven off-road, because a splash shield is not a skid pan and will not protect the generator from physical abuse.

A.8.3.1 It is important that all metal parts of the ambulance and the electrical system be bonded to the vehicle chassis. Any electrical boxes, conduits, or fixtures that are not permanendy mounted to the metal body should be bonded to the protective ground wire. It is especially important that the metal light fixtures or housings of pole lights, light towers, and portable lights be grounded through the protective ground wire. NFPA 70 requires the following: The normally non-current- carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment ground­ing conductor terminals of the receptacles are connected to the generator frame. [70:250.34(A) (2), 250.34(B)(3)] Use of a ground rod on an ambulance is not recommended. If one is used, the requirements of NFPA 70, Article 250, should be followed. These requirements are difficult to achieve in a porta­ble application.

Supplying a building electrical system from an ambulance is not recommended, because it commits the ambulance to the task and requires a significantly different grounding scheme, at least while being used for this application, in accordance with NI’PA 70, 250.20, “Alternating-Current Systems to Be Groun­ded”; 250.30, “Grounding Separately Derived Alternating- Current Systems”; and other applicable sections of NFPA 70. In this situation, the grounding allowed by 250.34 is no longer applicable.

A.8.3.1.4 This refers to the protective ground (green wire), not the “neutral” wire. The ground is the chassis/body of the vehicle, not a connection to an earth ground.

A.8.4 Ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFGIs) are intended to provide protection from electrical shock, but experience in the emergency services has pointed out several considerations about using them:

• GFGIs integrated into outlets or circuit breakers or as stand-alone devices can be used.
• Where possible, GFGIs should be located at the end of cords (e.g., in the distribution box at the end of a cord reel) to reduce tripping associated with long cord lengths and to put the reset function closer to the user.
• GFGIs might not be compatible with 120/240-volt 4-wire cord reels frequently used in emergency services unless the GFGI is located at the end of the cord.
• Many plugs and receptacles used in the emergency serv­ices are twist lock instead of standard nonlocking house­hold plugs and receptacles; in these cases, the GFGIs integrated with an outlet cannot be used, requiring circuit breaker GFGIs or stand-alone GFGIs.
  8. 5 Where the wire could be exposed to temperatures above 194°F (90°C), higher temperature-rated wire should be used.

Annex B Additional Information for Assessing Suitability and Scope for Remounts

1. l To maximize the useful life of an ambulance and to provide financial flexibility to EMS providers, the remounting of used patient compartments onto new ambu­lance chassis is a common practice. However, the benefits of this practice should be considered in light of patient safety, ambulance staff safety, and cost-benefit. It is important that ambulances be equipped with the latest safety features.

Ambulance patient compartments that were not originally built to NFPA 1917; GAAS GVS v.1.0, Ground Vehicle Standard for Ambulances-, KKK-A-1822E, Federal Specification for the Star-of-Life Ambulance, or later should not be remounted.

B.2 Evaluation of Ambulances. Before the decision is made to remount an ambulance patient compartment, the condition and suitability of the unit for remount should be determined.

The determination of suitability of an ambulance patient compartment for remounting depends upon many factors including, but not limited to, the following:

• Original manufacturing materials and processes
• Service and maintenance history
• Quality of workmanship
• Operational environment (climate, corrosion, urban- rural)
• Accidents or damage
• Low versus high call volume use
• Presence or absence of safety features
• Relevance or obsolescence of technology
• Weight of patient compartment and GVW rating of new chassis

An analysis should be conducted to determine what differen­ces will exist between the remounted unit and a new unit, particularly in the area of safety and technology.

A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis comparing remount­ing versus purchasing a new ambulance should be conducted. Some criteria to consider include the following:

• What is the value of the current unit at wholesale trade?
• What is cost of a new purchase less trade in value?
• What is the cost of remounting the patient compartment on a new chassis?
• What is the cost of new versus the cost of remounting?
• Is the cost savings sufficient to warrant forgoing the features of a new ambulance built to current standards?
• What is the cost of loss of use during the remount proc­ess?
• What is the delivery time of new versus remount time completion?
• What are the potential cost savings that can result from modern ergonomics and efficiency with a patient compartment built to current standards?

B.3 Choosing a Final Stage Ambulance Manufacturer (FSAM).

Ambulance users should consider the following when choosing a manufacturer to remount an ambulance patient compart­ment:

• The FSAM should conduct a pre-purchase inspection to assist the customer in determining whether a patient compartment is a suitable candidate for remount.
• The FSAM should complete a checklist with the customer to confirm the remount scope.
• The FSAM should assume warranty responsibility as agreed between the customer and FSAM. Warranty must specify who is responsible for covering the chassis versus the ambulance body, especially at points where they inter­sect, such as mountings and electrical wiring pass- throughs.
• The FSAM should be certified to at least one industry certification program. Options include Ford QVM, Mercedes Accredited Body Builder, GM Best Practice Body Builder Guidelines, NTEA MVP, and Dodge Q-Pro.
• The FSAM should employ EVT- and ASE-certified techni­cians.
• The FSAM should provide documentation of current garage keepers’ insurance.
• The FSAM should check the availability of commercial liability insurance.

B.4 Possible Upgrades. The ambulance owner and the FSAM should at a minimum review the following list of possible upgrades to the ambulance patient compartment that is to be remounted:

• Warning lights to reflect new technology or standards
• Interior lights to reflect new technology
• Exterior lights to reflect new technology or standards
• Reflective striping to reflect new technology or standards
• Ground and step lighting to reflect new technology
• Slip-resistant stepping surfaces
• Seamless and nonporous interior surfaces suitable for cleaning to current standards

B.5 Recommended Critical Upgrades. Ambulance owners should consider modifying or upgrading equipment to meet the following performance and testing criteria:

• SAE J3026, Ambulance Patient Compartment Seating Integrity and Occupant Restraint
• SAE J3027, Ambulance Litter Integrity, Retention, and Patient Restraint