NFPA 2113

Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire

1.1.1* This standard shall specify the minimum selection, care, use, and maintenance requirements for flame-resistant garments for use by industrial personnel in areas at risk from short-duration thermal exposures from industrial fires that are compliant with NFPA 2112.

1.1.2* This standard shall not apply to protective clothing for wildland fire fighting, technical rescue, structural fire fighting, proximity fire fighting, or any other fire-fighting operations, or hazardous materials emergencies.

1.1.3 This standard shall not apply to protection from electrical flashes, radiological agents, biological agents, or hazardous materials.

The purpose of this standard shall be to reduce the health and safety risks associated with the incorrect selection and use of flame-resistant garments and those risks associated with incorrectly maintained, contaminated, or damaged flame-resistant garments.

1.3.1* This standard shall not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with its use.

To ensure the greatest possible protection within the organization for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees shall establish and maintain a safe and healthy work environment.
As a minimum, employers shall be responsible for the following:
- Performing a hazard analysis of the workplace to identify and control physical and health hazards
- Identifying and providing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for employees
- Training employees in the use and care of PPE
- Maintaining PPE, including replacing worn or damaged PPE
- Periodically reviewing, updating, and evaluating the effectiveness of the PPE program
As a minimum, employees shall be responsible for the following:
- Properly wearing PPE
- Attending training sessions 011 PPE
- Ensuring proper care, cleaning, and maintenance of PPE
- Informing a supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE
Nothing herein shall be intended to restrict any individual or organization from exceeding these minimum requirements.
In this standard, values for measurement are followed by an equivalent in parentheses, but only the first stated value shall be regarded as the requirement. Equivalent values in parentheses shall not be considered as the requirement, as these values might be approximate.
The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not defined in this chapter or within another chapter, they shall be defined using their ordinarily accepted meanings within the context in which they are used. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 11th edition, shall be the source for the ordinarily accepted meaning.

3.2.1* Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure.

Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction and concerned with product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate standards or performance in a specified manner.
Indicates a mandatory requirement.
Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
An NFPA Standard, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word “shall” to indicate requirements and that is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard and shall be located in an appendix, annex, footnote, informational note, or other means as permitted in the NFPA Manuals of Style. When used in a generic sense, such as in the phrase “standards development process” or “standards development activities,” the term “standards” includes all NFPA Standards, including Codes, Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides..

3.3 General Definitions.

Biological Terrorism Agents. Liquid or particulate agents that can consist of a biologically derived toxin or pathogen used to inflict lethal or incapacitating casualties, generally on a civilian population as a result of a terrorist attack. [1991, 20161
Radiological Agents. Radiation associated with x-rays; alpha, beta, and gamma emissions from radioactive isotopes; or other material in excess of normal background radiation levels.
Lower Body. The area of the body below the waist including the legs but excluding the ankles and feet.
Upper Body. The area of the body above the waist and extending to the shoulders, including the arms and wrists but excluding the hands. [2112, 20181
Procedures for cleaning, decontamination, and storage of protective clothing and equipment. [1851, 20201
Certification/Certified. A system whereby a certification organization determines that a manufacturer has demonstrated the ability to produce a product that complies with the requirements of this standard, authorizes the manufacturer to use a label on listed products that comply with the requirements of this standard, and establishes a follow-up program conducted by the certification organization as a check on the methods the manufacturer uses to determine continued compliance of labeled and listed products with the requirements of this standard. [1971, 2018]
Certification Organization. An independent, third-party organization that determines product compliance with the requirements of this standard with a labeling/listing/follow-up program. [1971, 20181
The removal of dirt and debris.
Compliance/Compliant. Meeting or exceeding all applicable requirements of this standard. [1971, 2018|
Component(s). Any material, part, or subassembly used in the construction of the compliant product. [1971, 20181
Contamination/Contaminated. The process of transferring a hazardous material from its source to people, animals, the environment, or equipment, which could act as a carrier.
Cross-Contamination. The transfer of contamination from one item to another or to the environment.
The physical and/or chemical process of reducing and preventing the spread of contamination from persons and equipment used in a contaminated environment.
Emblem(s). Shields, heraldry, or printing that designates a governmental entity or a specific organization; rank, title, position, or other professional status that is painted, screened, embroidered, sewn, glued, bonded, or otherwise attached in a permanent manner.
The one or more layers of textile material(s) used in the primary construction of protective garment(s).
A rapid oxidation process, which is a chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities. [921, 20171
The quality, state, and manner in which clothing, when worn, relate to the human body.

3.3.16* Flame Resistance. The property of a material whereby combustion is prevented, terminated, or inhibited following the application of a flaming or nonflaming source of ignition, with or without subsequent removal of the ignition source.

3.3.17* Flash Fire. A type of short-duration fire that spreads by means of a flame front rapidly through a diffuse fuel, such as dust, gas, or the vapors of an ignitible liquid, without the production of damaging pressure. [2112,20181

3.3.18 Functionality/Functional. The ability of the flame- resistant garment or a component of the flame-resistant garment to continue to be utilized for its intended purpose.

3.3.19* Garments. Clothing including, but not limited to, coveralls, trousers, shirts, and outerwear. [2112, 20181

3.3.19.1* Limited-Use Garment. A garment whose senice life is limited by the manufacturer to a specified number of wear cycles.

3.3.19.2* Single-Use Garment. A garment designed to be used one time and then disposed of. [2112, 2018|

An item designed to provide protection to the wearer’s hand and wrist. [2112, 20181
Nonfabric components of the flame- resistant garment including, but not limited to, those made of metal or plastic.
Hazard Analysis. The process by which an organization identifies hazards in the workplace and then determines appropriate controls, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), to eliminate or reduce worker exposure to those hazards.
Hazardous Materials. Any solid, liquid, gas, or mixture thereof that can potentially cause harm to the human body through respiration, ingestion, skin absorption, or contact.
Hazardous Materials Emergencies. Incidents involving the release or potential release of hazardous materials. [1971, 20181
Any textile that is incorporated into any garment as a layer between outer and inner layers. [1975, 2019]
Any material that is attached and used to cover or partially cover the inside surface of a flame-resistant garment.
Procedures for inspection, testing, repair, and retirement of the product.
A response to heat by a material resulting in evidence of flowing or dripping. [1983, 20171

3.3.29* Organization. The entity that provides the direct management and supervision for the industrial personnel.

3.3.30* Product Label. A label or marking affixed to a product by the manufacturer that provides general information, warnings, instructions for care and maintenance, and other information.

Reflective Striping. Material added to the exterior of the garment to enhance nighttime or daytime visibility.
An additional layer of a textile material applied to a specific area of the protective garment to make that portion of the protective garment more resistant to wear.
The process of removing protective clothing from service.
A combination of the probability and the degree of possible injury or damage to health in a hazardous situation. [79,20181
Risk Assessment. An assessment of the likelihood, vulnerability, and magnitude of incidents that could result from exposure to hazards.
Any permanent attachment of two or more protective garment fabrics in a line formed by joining the separate material pieces.
Service Life. The period for which the protective clothing is useful before retirement.
Short-Duration Thermal Exposure from Fire. A period of egress from or accidental exposure to thermal events, including, but not limited to, vapor cloud fires, jet flames, liquid fires (pool fires or running liquid fires), solids fires (fires of solid materials or dust fires), or warehouse fires. [2112, 20181

3.3.39* Shroud/Hood/Balaclava. An item of clothing designed to provide protection to the wearer’s head or neck, or both, less the face opening. [2112, 20181

3.3.40 Static Electricity. The acquisition and retention of electrical charge through induction (by means of corona discharge) or by triboelectric means (rubbing with another material).

A garment that is designed to provide minimum protection to the lower torso and legs, excluding the ankles and feet.
Wind/Moisture Barrier. A component of a protective garment designed to inhibit wind penetration and prevent the penetration of liquid water.
The circular, close-fitting extension of the coat sleeve, usually made of knitted material.
For the purposes of this chapter, garments shall be permitted to include, but are not limited to, shrouds/hoods/ balaclavas and gloves.
The organization’s selection process for flame-resistant garments shall be based on the following:
- The conduct of a hazard analysis of the workplace to determine the need for the wearing of flame-resistant garments
- An evaluation of flame-resistant garment designs and characteristics to determine the type of flame-resistant garments suitable for protecting workers
- The development of specifications for purchasing flame- resistant garments

4.2* Workplace Hazard Analysis.

The organization shall conduct a hazard analysis of the work environment to determine the requirement for wearing flame-resistant garments.
The hazard analysis shall be performed based on a review of the facility to determine if flammable materials are present in quantities that will present a fire hazard and endanger person (s).

4.2.3* The hazard analysis process shall include consideration of the following:

Determination of the type of hazard(s) present in the workplace and the potential magnitude, thermal intensity, and duration of the hazard(s)
Determination of the adverse effects of unprotected exposure to the hazard(s) identified
Determination of whether other control options (e.g., engineering or administrative) can be used instead of flame-resistant garments
Determination of garment performance characteristics needed for protection
Determination of the need for garment decontamination where applicable
Determination of ergonomic constraints of work to be performed while wearing the garment
Comparison of risks and costs of all options
Implementation of selected option (s)

4.2.4 Multiple Hazard Protection.

4.2.4.1 A specific evaluation of the work environment to determine the requirement for the wearing of flame-resistant garments shall be based on the potential hazards that workers are exposed to as part of their work duties.

4.2.4.2* When gloves are chosen for hand and wrist protection, all hazards shall be included in the analysis.

4.2.5 Factors in determining if flame-resistant garments are required shall include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1 )* Proximity of the work to be performed to a fire hazard

The presence of flammable materials in the environment during process operations
The potential for the task being performed to increase the possibility of a flammable release, which could result from a mechanical failure such as a line breaking
Operating conditions of the process, for example, the potential for flammable fumes or vapors
The presence of engineering controls designed to reduce exposure to flammable materials present during normal operations
Accident history
Means and duration of egress within potential exposure zone (e.g., location and distance to exits, potential congestion, elevated or restricted areas, connections to lifelines/fall protection, capability of workers to escape)

4.2.6* The initial review of a facility shall determine if flammable materials are present in quantities necessary to present a fire hazard and endanger person (s).

The organization shall reassess the hazard analysis at least every 5 years, or when a significant change is made to the work environment, to verify that the requirements for wearing flame-resistant garments or the levels of protection required have not changed.
A comprehensive risk assessment shall be permitted to be used in combination with a hazard analysis for the purpose of evaluating the work environment for protection strategies and the management of flame-resistant garment use.

4.2.8.1 Where a risk assessment is used in combination with a hazard analysis, it shall include consideration of the following:

The nature of potential fire-related injuries in the work environment
The likelihood of fire-related injuries occurring
The time period over which fire-related injuries might be expected

4.2.8.2* The generation of geographic- or work location- based risk contours, showing the expected frequency of a fire event capable of causing a specified level of injury at specified locations, shall be permitted to be used in conjunction with the hazard analysis to assess the implementation of specific engineered and administrative preventive measures and the selection of appropriate flame-resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) or other acceptable risk assessment tools.

4.3* Selection of Flame-Resistant Garments.

4.3.1 In addition to flame-resistant garments complying with NFPA 2112, the organization shall consider factors in selecting flame-resistant garments including, but not limited to, the following:

* Thermal protective characteristics of the fabric and materials over a range of thermal exposures (e.g., to evaluate the effect of delayed egress)
* Physical characteristics of the fabric and materials
* Garment construction and components (e.g., pockets, types of closures)
* Avoidance of static charge buildup
* Design type of the garment
* Type of conditions under which the garments will be worn
* Comfort properties of the fabric, materials, and garment
* Cleaning and maintenance considerations

Garments shall be selected that cover both the upper and lower body and flammable underlayers as completely as possible.
Garments shall be selected that cover the hands or head, or both, where appropriate.

4.3.4* Garments shall be selected that contain primary closure systems that do not melt (e.g., non-flame-resistant hook-and- loop).

4.3.5 Garments shall be selected that offer minimal interference and minimal hindrance to perform the work task required in the fire hazard zone.

4.3.6* For optimum protection, garments shall be selected that are not tight fitting.

4.3.7* Non-flame-resistant heraldry attached to the exterior of the garment (e.g., logos, name tags, non-flame-resistant silk- screened artwork, etc.) shall be kept to a minimum, both in surface area and number.

4.3.8 When garments are selected to provide daytime or nighttime visibility, garments shall also conform to the relevant requirements of ANSI/ISEA 107, American National Standard for High-Visibility Safety Apparel and Headwear, or CSA Z96, High- Visibility Safety Apparel.

4.4 Purchase Specifications.

4.4.1* Where the organization develops purchase specifications, the criteria specified in 4.4.1.1 through 4.4.1.4 shall be included.

Clothing to be purchased shall comply with NFPA 2112.
Where the organization selects criteria that exceed the minimum requirements of NFPA 2112, such criteria shall be stipulated in the purchase specifications.
Manufacturer bids shall include substantiation of certification for the protective clothing stated in the bid.
The organization shall compare each bid submittal against purchase specifications.

4.4.2* In addition to compliance with NFPA 2112, the organization shall provide additional specifications addressing those design features and performance characteristics specified in Section 4.3.

Upon receipt, organizations shall inspect purchased garments to ensure they meet their specifications and to verify quantity and sizes of protective garments received.
Organizations shall establish procedures for returning unsatisfactory products if their specifications are not met.
Organizations shall examine information supplied with the products, including instructions, warranties, and technical data
For the purpose of this chapter, garments shall be permitted to include, but are not limited to, shrouds/hoods/ balaclavas and gloves.

5.1.2* Organizations shall provide users with the instructions provided by the manufacturer on the care, use, and maintenance of flame-resistant garments, including any warning(s) provided by the manufacturer.

Organizations shall instruct workers in the limitations, use, care, and maintenance of flame-resistant garments, including the use of undergarments or overgarments.
For maximum protection, organizations shall require that flame-resistant garments be worn as described in the manufacturer’s instructions.
Flame-resistant garment collars shall be worn closed.
Sleeves and cuffs shall be worn down and secured.
When a shirt and pair of trousers, both flame-resistant, are worn together, the shirt shall be tucked in.
Organizations shall require that protective neck, head, hand, and foot coverings be worn if the occupational hazard warrants their use.

5.1.9* Other personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be worn if determined as necessary from a review of the potential hazards to which workers are exposed from the hazard analysis.

5.1.10* Organizations shall not permit workers to wear non- flame-resistant clothing over flame-resistant garments.

5.1.11 Flame-resistant or nonmelting undergarments (closest to the skin) shall be used. An incidental amount of elastic used on nonmelting fabric underwear or socks shall be permitted.

5.2* Specific Requirements for Wearing Flame-Resistant Garments. The organization shall define those facilities and areas of the workplace and tasks that require personnel to wear flame-resistant garments.

6.1 Cleaning.

6.1.1* Flame-resistant garments shall be kept clean.

Gloves shall be kept free of flammable contaminants or be disposed of properly.

6.1.3* New flame-resistant garments and shrouds/hoods/bala- clavas shall be washed or dry-cleaned at least once prior to their initial use.

6.1.4* Flame-resistant garments and shrouds/hoods/balacla- vas shall be cleaned in accordance with manufacturer instructions, or if cleaning instructions are not provided, in accordance with the recommendations provided in ASTM F2757, Standard Guide for Home Laundering Care and Maintenance of Flame, Thermal and Arc Resistant Clothing, or ASTM F1449, Standard Guide for Industrial Laundering of Flame, Thermal, and Arc Resistant Clothing.

6.1.5 Flame-resistant garments and shrouds/hoods/balaclavas shall he laundered or dry-cleaned with such frequency so as to prevent buildup of contaminants that reduce flame resistance.

6.2 Decontamination.

6.2.1 For the purposes of Section 6.2, garments shall be permitted to include, but are not limited to, shrouds/hoods/ balaclavas and gloves.

6.2.2* Flame-resistant garments contaminated by flammable substances, hazardous materials, or biological agents shall be cleaned and decontaminated in accordance with manufacturer instructions.

6.2.3* If decontamination instructions are not provided, or if decontamination is not recommended for the specific contaminants) and the contamination is judged to present hazards to the end user, then contaminated flame-resistant garments shall be disposed of.

6.2.4* Contaminated flame-resistant garments shall be handled in such a manner so as to prevent cross- contamination.

6.2.5 Contaminated flame-resistant garments shall not be laundered or dry-cleaned in public facilities.

6.3* Storage.

For the purposes of Section 6.3, garments shall be permitted to include, but are not limited to, shrouds/hoods/ balaclavas and gloves.
Flame-resistant garments shall be stored in accordance with manufacturer instructions.
Flame-resistant garments shall not be stored in direct or indirect sunlight.
Flame-resistant garments shall be clean and dry before long-term storage.
Flame-resistant garment storage areas shall be clean, dry, and well ventilated.
Soiled flame-resistant garments shall not be stored with personal belongings.

7.1 Inspection.

7.1.1 For the purpose of this chapter, garments shall be permitted to include, but are not limited to, shrouds/hoods/ balaclavas and gloves.

7.1.2* The organization shall develop a systematic inspection program for all flame-resistant garments to confirm their serviceability.

The end user shall inspect flame-resistant garments for damage, soiling, or contamination after each use.
Inspections of flame-resistant garments shall be performed by the organization or the end user following each cleaning and following any use where there was potential for damage or contamination.
All flame-resistant garments shall be inspected by the organization or the end user for fabric or material damage.
The inspection shall include an examination of all components, including, if present, the outer shell, lining, interlining, wind/moisture barrier, hardware, wristlets, and reinforcements.
Damaged flame-resistant garments shall be immediately removed from service.
The decision to repair or retire the damaged flame- resistant garments shall be made by the organization.
All seams of the flame-resistant garment shall be inspected by the organization or end user for thread or seam damage as evidenced by skipped, broken, or missing stitches.
All hardware on the flame-resistant garment, including, but not limited to, zippers, buttons, snaps, and other fasteners, shall be inspected by the organization or end user for functionality.

7.1.8* The organization shall establish criteria for determining the extent of damage to a flame-resistant garment to warrant its removal from service for repair or disposal.

7.1.9* At intervals specified by the organization, a selection of protective garments shall be permitted to be removed from use, inspected, and tested to the performance requirements of NFPA 2112

7.2.1 Flame-resistant garments shall be repaired in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

7.2.2* Flame-resistant garments shall be cleaned as specified in Section 6.1 before undergoing repair work.

7.2.3* All repairs and alterations to flame-resistant garments shall be performed in the same manner and using the same materials as the manufacturer.

7.2.4* Each organization shall be permitted to keep records on repairs made to flame-resistant garments.

7.3.1 Damaged or deteriorated flame-resistant garments shall be retired when they can no longer be repaired.

7.3.2* Flame-resistant garments shall be retired when they exceed the manufacturer-stated service life, if indicated.

7.4* Disposal. Retired flame-resistant garments shall be destroyed or disposed of in a manner assuring that they will not be used for protection of industrial personnel.

Explanatory Material

Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs.

1.1.1 The use of garments providing protection against short-duration thermal exposures from fire should be incorporated into a proper safety program that also utilizes appropriate administrative and engineering controls in addition to proper, safe work procedures.

Flame-resistant garments are available from a variety of manufacturers, in a range of items (e.g., coveralls, pants, shirts, vests, parkas, rainwear, disposable garments, aprons, gloves, shrouds/hoods/balaclavas.). Flame-resistant garments are made out of a variety of either inherently flame-resistant fabrics or fabrics that have been treated with a flame re tarda m.

NFPA 2112-compliant clothing is intended to reduce the probability and extent of burn injury during exposure or escape.

1.1.2 Organizations responsible for fire-fighting applications should use protective clothing and equipment specifically designed for those activities. Applicable standards include NFPA 1971 and NFPA 1977.

Organizations responsible for hazardous materials emergencies should use protective clothing and equipment specifically designed for those activities. Applicable standards include NFPA 1991 and NFPA 1992.

Organizations responsible for emergency medical operations should use protective clothing and equipment specifically designed for those activities. The applicable standard is NFPA 1999.

1.3.1 Anyone using this standard should consult the authority having jurisdiction and establish health and safety practices in conjunction with any existing applicable regulatory requirements prior to its use.

A.3.2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase “authority having jurisdiction,” or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority havingjurisdiction.

A.3.3.16 Flame Resistance. Flame resistance can be an inherent property of a material, or it can be imparted by specific treatment.

A.3.3.17 Flash Fire. A flash fire requires an ignition source and a hydrocarbon or an atmosphere containing combustible, finely divided particles (e.g., coal dust or grain) having a concentration greater than the lower explosive limit of the chemical. Both hydrocarbon and dust flash fires can generate temperatures from about 500°C to 1500°C. The intensity of a flash fire depends on multiple factors, including, but not limited to, type of fuel, heat release rate, environmental conditions, size, and type of the space. When ignited, the flame front can expand outward in the form of a fireball depending on the preceding factors. The resulting effect of the fireball’s energy with respect to radiant heat significantly enlarges the hazard areas around the gas released.

A.3.3.19 Garments. Outerwear includes, but is not limited to, rainwear, flame-resistant chemical protection suits, leggings, gauntlets, and other protective garment systems.

A.3.3.19.1 Limited-Use Garment. A limited-use garment does not meet the testing requirements of NFPA 2112 but can meet other applicable standards for thermal protection.

A.3.3.19.2 Single-Use Garment. What constitutes a “use” will be defined by the garment manufacturer. A single use could include unpacking, or one donning, or one wearing. In the absence of any manufacturer’s specific information, one “use” should be considered any one-time wearing of the garment.

A.3.3.29 Organization. The organization can include contractors.

A.3.3.30 Product Label. The product label is not the label, symbol, or identifying mark of the certification organization; however, the label, symbol, or identifying mark of the certification organization can be attached to, or can be part of, the product label. (See 3.2.2.)

A.3.3.39 Shroud/Hood/Balaclava. A shroud/hood/balaclava is an item of clothing with or without any face openings.

A.4.2 Information and examples regarding hazard analysis and risk assessment can be found in the following publications:

A.4.2.4.2 When gloves are chosen for hand and wrist protection, a hazard analysis can include, but not be limited to, electrical hazards, cut hazards, chemical hazards, impact hazards, vibration hazards, nuclear hazards, hot work hazards, and other potential hazards that could occur in flash fire conditions. Note that some hazards might take precedence due to the likelihood of occurrence or the ongoing impact. Gloves meeting NFPA 2112 will not provide protection from electrical shock and, when conducting this analysis, other standards should be consulted. Ghoose gloves with the intent to meet the particular hazards while also considering flash fire. (See NFPA 70E.)

A.4.2.5(l) Short-duration flame exposures can arise from numerous fire types in industrial environments. These fires include, but are not limited to, vapor cloud fires, jet fires, liquid fires (pool fires or running liquid fires), solids fires (fires of solid materials or dust fires), and fires associated with oxygen. Short-duration thermal exposures can also arise from the radiant energy generated by these fires (radiated by the flame front)

A.4.2.8.2 See A.4.2 for references to information on and examples of risk assessments.

A.4.3 The flame-resistant garments addressed in NFPA 2112, provide a level of protection against unplanned exposure to fire [testing done at an intensity of 84 kW/m² (2.0 cal/cm² sec) and cumulative energy of 252 kj/m² (6 cal/cm²) 1 for relatively short periods of time. This standard directs end users to conduct a hazard analysis for the appropriate tasks and work environments prior to selecting flame-resistant garments. The protection identified in NFPA 2112 might not be appropriate for the thermal hazards faced or meet the PPE requirements of applicable OSFIA regulations.

A4.3.1(1) Users are reminded that NFPA 2112, provides certification to minimum thermal protective requirements. Garments can exceed the requirements of NFPA 2112. The result of the hazard analysis performed in accordance with 4.2.3 should identify a possible range of thermal exposures, which should be considered when selecting appropriate protective clothing.

A.4.3.1(6) The selection of the garment should take into consideration the working conditions of the end users wearing the garments. Conditions include the range of temperatures and relative humidities, the location of the work, and the tasks to be performed by the wearer.Undergarments should be melt-resistant. Certain synthetics or synthetic blends worn as undergarments can be inappropriate for use under flame-resistant garments, since the transferred heat could cause them to melt. Undergarments with melt- resistant properties are recommended (e.g., cotton, aramid, wool).

A.5.2 Employees should be required to wear flame-resistant garments in facilities or areas where any of the following materials or conditions are present:

Materials having a degree of hazard of 4 when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, where flammable vapors are present in normal operations
Materials having a degree of hazard of 3 when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, at temperatures above their flash points where flammable vapors are present in normal operations
Materials having a degree of hazard of 2 or 1 when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, when heated above their boiling points where flammable vapors are present in normal operations
Combustible dust (components present in the material where particle size is less than 75 microns, required ignition energy is less than 100 mj, and moisture content is less than 10 percent), where such dust is present in normal operation

Flame-resistant garments should be required for specific tasks for employees working in areas meeting any of the following process hazards and performing a task where the hazard analysis indicates that the work increases the possibility of loss of containment of the material:

Processes involving materials having a degree of hazard of 4 when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, where flammable vapors will be present only if loss of containment occurs
Processes involving materials having a degree of hazard of 3 when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, at temperatures above their flash points where flammable vapors will be present only if loss of containment occurs
Processes involving materials having a degree of hazard of 2 or 1 when heated above their boiling points when ranked in accordance with NFPA 704, where flammable vapors will be present only if loss of containment occurs and experience indicates a frequency of incidents due to equipment design or arrangement
Processes involving combustible dust [components present in the material where particle size is less than 75 microns, required ignition energy is less than 100 mj (1 micron (p) = 10″^r> m), and moisture content is less than 10 percent], where such dust is present in enclosed systems and loss of containment is required to generate a dust cloud

Examples of combustible dust environments include locations of operations where charging equipment is used with dusty materials, locations where dust is present on equipment or structural members, and areas where filter bags in dust collectors are changed.

Engineering controls designed to reduce exposure to materials present in normal operation and experience should be considered in the evaluation of areas or tasks requiring the wearing of flame-resistant garments. Where multiple tasks require the wearing of flame-resistant garments, consideration should be given to standardization of the garment as normal work wear for the area.

A6.1.1 Adequate cleaning of flame-resistant garments, according to the manufacturers’ recommendations, by laundering or dry cleaning is imperative in order to maintain flame resistance and thermal protection. Soiling can reduce the protective qualities and increase the risk of second- and third- degree burns. Garments that are contaminated with a significant amount of oily soil or a flammable substance should be decontaminated (or cleaned) to remove the substance.

A.6.1.3 Initial washing or dry cleaning of flame-resistant garments removes fabric finishes that are added for ease in manufacturing and makes garments less stiff prior to use.

A6.1.4 Note any laundry precautions on the garment label that will lessen the effectiveness of the garment’s flame resistance, in particular the following:

Whether the use of chlorine bleach is advised or should be avoided
Whether a heavy-duty soap can be used or whether laundering should be limited to a heavy-duty synthetic detergent

Some soaps and detergents for dry cleaning can rapidly affect the flammable properties of protective garments. Certain petroleum solvents should be avoided, as they commonly leave flammable grease deposits and reduce protective properties.

Laundering in alkaline or “hard water” can affect the flame- resistant properties of some fabrics due to the buildup of hard water salts or other chemical interactions. Consult manufacturer’s care instructions for proper laundering.

A.6.2.2 Contamination can occur from exposure to hazardous chemicals or biological agents. Hazardous chemicals can include solvents, acids, bases, and other substances that could leave a visible stain on garment fabrics. These chemicals could affect garment performance properties but can otherwise pose health hazards to the wearer if not removed through decontamination. Some chemicals, especially heavy organic solvents, can leave a flammable residue on the flame-resistant garment that will affect its level of protection. Other organic chemicals can cause dermatitis or other reactions with the skin, or can cause long-term health effects that do not become evident until much later after the exposure. Acids and bases can cause physical deterioration of garment fabrics or components and cause burns to the end user if not removed. The most common form of biological contamination is from blood or other body fluids from persons other than the end user. Based on Centers for Disease Control (CDC) regulations, all blood and body fluids should be assumed to contain bloodborne pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis). CDC guidelines prescribe that the combination of high wash temperatures [greater than 60°C (140°F)1 and detergents should be used to inactivate this biological contamination. Specific regulations addressing protection from bloodborne pathogens are contained in 29 CFR 1910.1030, Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens, Final Rule.

A6.2.3 On a case-by-case basis, the organization should attempt to identify and assess the contamination of flame- resistant garments. The organization should also contact the manufacturer to determine if specific procedures are recommended for removing the particular contaminant(s). If safety and health data for the contaminant indicate a potential harm to the end user, and no specific guidelines are offered by the manufacturer to remove the specific contaminant, then the affected flame-resistant garments should be disposed of. Organizations should also consult with outside cleaning facilities to determine if services are available that can be effective in decontaminating the affected flame-resistant garments.

A.6.2.4 Flame-resistant garments that are suspected of being contaminated with hazardous substances should be segregated from uncontaminated flame-resistant garments. As a minimum, persons handling contaminated flame-resistant garments should wear protective gloves. Persons handling contaminated flame-resistant garments should also wear protective aprons and respirators as necessary, depending on the type and hazards of the contamination present. Contaminated flame- resistant garments should not be returned to senice until the organization has made an assessment that the contamination has been removed. In some instances, this can require that contaminated flame-resistant garments be extracted and evaluated for the presence of contaminants.

A.6.3 Appropriate storage practices for flame-resistant garments include storing garments inside out of direct sunlight in a dry, ventilated area. Flame-resistant garments are preferably stored 011 hangers. Cleaned flame-resistant garments should be stored in a separate area from uncleaned flame-resistant garments. Manufacturers should advise if any deleterious effect of storage is known.

A.7.1.2 One effective practice for routinely and systematically inspecting all clothing is to inspect garments after they have been cleaned. Organizations using outside cleaning services establish criteria and have the outside cleaning organization perform this function and then report any garment discrepancies to an identified representative within the organization.

A.7.1.9 Although periodic testing of flame-resistant garments can yield information about specific changes in tested garments, this approach is capable of providing only limited information about the overall use of flame-resistant garments from which samples are taken. The extent of wear and changes in the performance properties of flame-resistant garments will be dependent on the specific use and care of the individual garments sampled. Sampling of garments for testing to provide a determination of the overall lot of flame-resistant garments used requires a relatively large number of garments. This is not practical since specimens need to be taken from each flame- resistant garment, effectively destroying each tested garment. Furthermore, it is likely that flame-resistant garments used by an organization will involve different wearing histories that do not predict performance of all flame-resistant garments for that organization.

A.7.2.2 It is important that garments be clean, dry, and free from contamination before repairs are attempted to minimize the spread of contamination to repair workers.

A.7.2.3 Methods and materials include, but are not limited to, fabric, thread type, stitch construction, and hardware.

When repairs are made to flame-resistant garments, it is important that the fabrics and components used for repairing the garments be the same as the original fabrics or components used in their construction to avoid reducing the performance properties of the flame-resistant garment. It is especially important that the fabrics and components used in repairs meet the performance requirements specified in NFPA 2112. For example, non-flame-resistant fabrics should never be used as patches or replacement pockets on flame-resistant garments. Thread used in stitching repaired areas should meet the melting temperature requirement in NFPA 2112.

A.7.2.4 Organizations could find it useful to track the repairs 011 flame-resistant garments in order to monitor their life cycle. This practice will require that each garment has a unique identifying number or other means for separately tracking specific flame-resistant garments. Information that could be kept as part of these records includes, but is not limited to, the following

A.7.3.2 Some manufacturers can specify a maximum service life based on the total number of cleanings that a flame- resistant garment is subjected to or other criteria. If the life cycles (e.g., time of service, length of wear, number of cleanings and repairs) of specific flame-resistant garments are tracked, then it should be possible for the organization to determine which garments have reached the maximum service life, if specified.

4 Organizations should either destroy or mark retired flame-resistant garments in a manner that is clear to anyone picking up the garment that it cannot be used for protection of industrial personnel. Methods for ensuring this practice include cutting clothing into pieces or marking “Do Not Use for Protection” on the outside of the clothing.

Annex B Properties for Evaluating Flame-Resistant Garments

This annex is not a part of the requiremen ts of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

l Properties and Test Methods. Table B. 1, extracted from the 2018 edition of NFPA 2112, provides a description of the test properties and methods used for evaluating flame-resistant garments. A number of additional properties can be used in the evaluation of flame-resistant garments that are not required as part of this standard. Table B.l also lists these additional properties, recommended test methods, and their suggested applications. The section numbers referenced in Table B.l refer to sections in NFPA

NFPA 2113 Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Short-Duration Thermal Exposures from Fire